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what is the philosopher’s way? Socrates and the Examined Life

2. what is the philosopher’s way? Socrates and the Examined Life.

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what is the philosopher’s way? Socrates and the Examined Life

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  1. 2 what is the philosopher’s way? Socrates and the Examined Life

  2. Where does philosophy begin? Raphael's mural, The School of Athens, depicts the early Greek philosophers engaged in reflection, discussion, and debate. We will start the philosophical journey with Socrates, whose life embodied the philosopher's way. Nick Pavlakis/Shutterstock

  3. Learning Objectives 2.1 Describe why Socrates can be considered a model for humanity. 2.2 Explain the Socratic Method and illustrate how it is used to investigate complex issues.

  4. Learning Objectives 2.3 Explain how Socrates defined the soul and the implications for how we should live our lives. 2.4 Relate and analyze the events in the trial and death of Socrates.

  5. Chapter Overview Click on the screenshot in presentation mode to view a video on Socrates and the examined life.

  6. 2.1 Socrates: A Model for Humanity • Socrates • Hesiod, Homer, and the birth of philosophy • Thales • Anaximenes • Heraclitus • Democritus • Anaxagoras

  7. Homer: In the Western classical tradition Homer is the author of the Iliad and the Odyssey,and is revered as the greatest ancient Greek epic poet. These epics lie at the beginning of the Western canon of literature, and have had an enormous influence on the history of literature. kmiragaya/Fotolia

  8. 2.1 Socrates: A Model for Humanity • Hesiod, Homer, and the birth of philosophy • Pythagoras • Parmenides • Karl Jaspers, from The Axial Period • A man from Greece • Socratic Method • Plato • Xenophon

  9. Plato (428–347 B.C.E.). Ancient Greek philosopher of extraordinary significance in the history of ideas. Plato not only preserved Socrates's teachings for future generations but also contributed original ideas on a wide range of issues such as morality, politics, metaphysics, and epistemology. Anastasios71/Shutterstock

  10. Xenophon (430–357 B.C.E.) Biographer of Socrates and his student as a youth. In addition to four works on Socrates, Xenophon wrote histories and practical treatises on leadership, horsemanship, hunting, and economics. Also a warrior, he fought for the Greeks and then for their enemies, the Spartans. The LIFE Picture Collection/Getty Images

  11. 2.1 Socrates: A Model for Humanity • A midwife of ideas • Agora • The wisest of men? • Oracle of Delphi

  12. Where do you think philosophically? Socrates thrived on the intellectual life of the agora (the marketplace), where he could be sure to find others ready to engage in debate about philosophical ideas. Granger, NYC

  13. The Oracle at Delphi. According to the revered Oracle at Delphi, no man was wiser than Socrates. What does the use of oracles suggest about the culture of ancient Greece? How does Socrates apply reason within that culture? bpk, Berlin/Art Resource, NY

  14. 2.1 Socrates: A Model for Humanity • Plato, from The Apology • Analyzing Socrates on wisdom and humility

  15. 2.2 The Socratic Method • Xenophon's autobiography, Memorabilia • The Socratic Method • Dialectic • Sophists • Plato, from The Republic • Analyzing a Socratic dialogue

  16. 2.3 Socrates's Central Concern: The Soul • Psyche • Plato, from The Apology • Socrates's conviction • The unexamined life is not worth living. • The truth lies within each of us. • We should strive for excellence in all areas of life.

  17. 2.3 Socrates's Central Concern: The Soul • Socrates's conviction • No one knowingly does evil. • Arête • Epistêmê • Sophia • It is better to suffer wickedness than to commit it. • Analyzing the core teachings of Socrates

  18. 2.4 The Trial and Death of Socrates • If not for his trial and execution, it is possible that we would not be studying him today. • Plato's dialogue, TheApology • Allegations that he: • Corrupted youth of Athens • Did not believe in the gods whom the state believes in, but in other new divinities

  19. 2.4 The Trial and Death of Socrates • Socrates had also developed enemies because of his political views. • Socrates was also the target of a vindictive father, Anytus.

  20. 2.4 The Trial and Death of Socrates • One of the attacks against Socrates was an example of "poisoning the well." • Socrates acknowledges the difficulty of overcoming deeply ingrained prejudice.

  21. 2.4 The Trial and Death of Socrates • Socrates addresses the common belief that "where there's smoke, there's fire." • Socrates had over the years attracted a large number of mainly young disciples.

  22. 2.4 The Trial and Death of Socrates • What incentive would Socrates have to influence the youth of Athens to be evil rather than good? • "Defining your terms" • Argument by design • Socrates found guilty • Athenian legal system • Analyzing Socrates on trial

  23. The Death of Socrates by Jacques Louis David. The eighteenth-century French painter David portrayed Socrates as undaunted at the prospect of death, philosophically engaged while reaching for the cup of poison. Plato is seated on the far left, his writing beside him on the floor. Crito grasps Socrates's robes. Do you think Socrates should have tried to escape death, or did his decision show wisdom? Tomas Abad/Alamy

  24. Making Connections: Socrates's Legacy • Why does Socrates merit the distinction and the careful analysis we have given his life and ideas? • Why is he often termed the "father of Western philosophy?" • Does he deserve this exalted title?

  25. What is Socrates's legacy? Socrates's commitment to rational inquiry lived on through his disciples and became the standard for Western culture. This picture depicts Plato's disciple Aristotle (384–322 B.C.E.) teaching a youthful Alexander the Great of Macedonia. Alexander would eventually conquer the Persian Empire, bringing Socratic ideas with him. What Socratic ideas do you recognize as being an integral part of our culture? Topkapi Palace Museum, Istanbul, Turkey/Bridgeman Images

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