Identifying American Geography

1. Identifying American Geography Use the maps in your textbook to locate and identify the locations of the places listed on you the worksheet.

2. Early America From Exploration to Colonization

3. American Pre-history • How did we all get here? • Three Theories: • Overland Migration = Bering Strait Theory • Multiple Entry Migration • Coastal Migration • Trans-Pacific Migration • Indigenous Origin Creation

5. Bering Strait Theory • American Indians are thought to have descended from northern Asians who migrated to North America by crossing over a now-submerged land bridge from Siberia to Alaska somewhere between 11,500 and 20,000 years ago. • The theory is now expanded to encompass travelers from as far away as Africa. • Most popularly believed theory.

6. Is this a myth???

7. The American Indians • American Native way of life: • Diverse cultures. • Clans, Tribes, Tribal Confederacy • Spirituality • Natural and Supernatural linked. • Sustainability • Hunter/Gatherers  Agrarian Society • Knowledge and learning • Civilized • Cities, Governments, Laws (Aztec, Mayans, Inca)

8. Farming: 1. Around 7,000 BC, humans in Central America learned to farm. 2. At first, they grew corn, beans, and squash. 3. Over time, other humans in the America’s learned to farm. 4. This allowed for civilizations to emerge. 5. The 1st civilizations were in Central and South America. • Olmecs, Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas. Squash Beans Corn (Maize)

10. Civilization among Native American Indians

11. The Europeans • What's happening in Europe? • 1200’s – 1600’s • Coming out of the “Dark Ages” • Renaissance • Arts – Leo Divinci • Technology • Education • Science • Religious Reform

12. European views on Indians: • Generally thought Indians lacked genuine religion; seen as savages • Thought Indians were not “using” all of their land and did not have property claims • In the European view: No property deed, no right to land. • Viewed Indian men as savages who were mentally and spiritually weak • Often seen as abusers who mistreated Indian women • Europeans believed the idea of freedom was alien to Indian society. • Ironically, the Europeans believed the Indians were “too free” because they did not have laws that conformed with European society

13. European Ideals of Freedom • European ideals of freedom were based on: • Personal Independence • Ownership of private property • People governed under a set of laws • Fusion of religion and politics • Obedience to Christ meant freedom from sin (religious views) • Obedience to laws mean freedom in the European political/social mentality • Women had little to no rights and had to be obedient to their husbands • Freedom was a function of social class • For the masses: Limited freedom and “obedience” was the cost of a well-ordered society • For the rich: “Masterless men” enjoyed liberties that the majority did not

14. Exploration, Expansion, & Trade • Trade linked through land routes: Persia, Arabia, Asia, & the Silk Road • Europeans had ship trade in the Mediterranean Sea and Indian Ocean • Wanted a direct route to the east rather than dealing with the middle man • Atlantic Ocean was vastly unknown

15. Motives for Exploration • Money, Money, Money  Economic • Desire for wealth and foreign goods • Wanted to sell foreign goods for profit • Eventually… religious freedom • Push/Pull Factors… What’s that? • The Natives & The Settlers…

16. The Age of Exploration… • The Portuguese take the lead: • Bartolomeu Dias 1487-1488 • Vasco da Gama 1498 • The West Africans • Songhia and Benin Kingdoms • Highly civilized and densely populated. • Advanced Agriculture (Gold & Salt mines) • Iron Weapons • Writing System • Transportation System (Camel Caravans & Riverboats)

17. Portuguese Expansion • The Portuguese began exploration before 1492 • Prince Henry the Navigator established an exploration school in 1420. • Had new technology such as the caravel, compass, cannons, and quadrant. • The goal: make travel along the African coast as efficient as possible • Objectives: • Explore the African coastline to find a better route to the Indies • Make cash from trading in the Indies

18. Portuguese Expansion • “New Monarchs” Movement • Portugal, Spain, England, and France fell into this movement that stressed economic gain through exploration over constant warfare • Additionally the notion of “God and Country” began tied with this movement • Results: • The Portuguese establish trading posts along the west coast of Africa • They begin colonizing the African Islands on the Atlantic • Establish sugar plantations and begin the Atlantic Slave Trade

19. Atlantic Slave Trade • Slavery in Africa • Slavery existed as a form of labor in Africa before Europeans became interested • Warfare was common due to influence from the Islamic empires (The rise and fall of Mali, Ghana, and Songhai) • Wealthy war lords would take POWs as slaves and sell them • European Interest • Portugal was the first European nation to establish a trading empire in Africa • They traded textiles and guns for African slaves • Roughly 1000 slaves per year were traded along the Middle Passage initially (Route from Europe to West Africa, to North America) • By 1800, 5 ½ million adults and 11 million children were transported as slaves • Europeans saw slavery as a great economic boon • They did not notice the social impact that slavery had in Africa • As a result, they transplanted the ‘economic mentality’ of slavery to the rest of Europe

21. Spanish Expansion Essentially, Spain got jealous of Portugal’s economic boom and had to get involved… • Spain had recently gotten over the Spanish Reconquista (pushed the Moors out of Spain) and wanted desperately to become a big economic power • The Spanish Reconquista was the only successful crusade • The goal of the Reconquista was to purge Spain of Islamic factions • Basically, they ordered all Muslims to convert to Catholicism or get out • By the end of the 1400s, Spain was sending numerous explorers to find a way to the Indies

22. The Spaniards Have Landed… • The Spanish • Christopher Columbus 1492… • But what did he really discover??? • Where did we get the name “Indians”? • The Conquistadores • GOD – GOLD – GLORY (3G Coverage) • Hernando Cortes’ – Aztecs (Mexico) 1519-1521 • Juan Ponce de Leon – Fountain of Youth (Florida) 1513 • Hernando de Soto – Mississippi River Valley (Cherokee)

23. The Colombian Exchange • Horses, Steal Weapons… and Biological Warfare? • Smallpox, Measles, and Cholera • Enslaved Indians die out… need slaves from Africa to compensate loss. • Positives: Trade, Livestock, Colonial possibilities • Page 25 in your books

24. Amerigo Vespucci • Sailed along the coast of South America around 1500 • He received the credit for discovering the New World. • “America” is named after him.

25. Some Key Terms • Spanish used a system called the “Encomienda system” for receiving land grants and commission cuts on all the Indian villages that were sacked • The Spanish crown granted a person a partial track of land and a number of natives that they would “look after” and use as labor. • The Catholic Church was very influential in this system

26. Some Key Terms • Mercantilism • When the prosperity of a nation is based upon its supply of capital (gold, silver, trade value) and the global volume of international trade is static. • Encourage exports and discourage imports (using tariffs and subsidies)

27. The Northwest Passage • In South America… • Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 • Pope Alexander VI • Line of Demarcation • Spain on the Left • Portuguese on the Right • In North America… • The French and English didn’t care… • Looked for new passageway through North America

28. Conclusions & Exit Ticket • Explain the following statements • “Indians” where here long before Europeans. • The Indians didn’t have to die out. • Columbus never set foot in “America”. • Explain the differences between Native Americans and European Explorers in the following three areas: • Land Ownership • Worship • Government.