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Working Women: Better Outcomes for Growth

Working Women: Better Outcomes for Growth. Mayra Buvinic Director, Gender and Development Group World Bank. GAP Guiding Principles. Selective coverage Evidence-based Results-oriented Relies on incentives. GAP: Changing the way the Bank does business .

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Working Women: Better Outcomes for Growth

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  1. Working Women:Better Outcomes for Growth Mayra Buvinic Director, Gender and Development Group World Bank

  2. GAP Guiding Principles • Selective coverage • Evidence-based • Results-oriented • Relies on incentives

  3. GAP: Changing the way the Bank does business • Mainstream gender in Bank economic sector operations. • Support analytical work and tools to build the evidence base and influence Bank staff and policy in the long-term.

  4. GAP Framework Advancewomen’seconomicempowerment Policy levelAgency level Make markets work for women Empower women to compete in markets

  5. GAP Framework Agency Level: Empower women to compete in markets Policy Level: Make markets work for women Infrastructure Increases Access to all 4 Markets

  6. GAP Labor Market Portfolio

  7. GAP Funding Financial Contribution to the GAP (as of September 2009) This includes pledges to the new Adolescent Girls Initiative launched in October 2008.

  8. GAP Allocation by Markets (197 activities) As of September 2009

  9. GAP Labor Market Activities

  10. Women and the Financial Crisis

  11. Women join the labor force in times of crisis Source: WDI, 2008

  12. Women’s labor supply is counter-cyclical in low-income HHs. • . Percentage Point Change in female LFP from a 10% drop in GDP Source: Sonia Bhalotra and Marcela Umana-Aponte, 2009. “Distress Work amongst Women?: The dynamics of labor supply in (66) developing countries”. University of Bristol

  13. Jobs and earnings losses • Cambodia’s garment industry has laid off 60,000 workers (20% of workforce of the sector). • Bangladesh Jute Spinners Association reported a layoff of 20,000 workers in January/February 2009. • In China more than 67,000 labor-intensive SMEs have closed down, with total job losses of up to 2.7 million. • Women informal sector producers may also lose jobs (even if informal sector usually cushions impacts of crisis). • In Ahmedabad, India, ½ of self-employed women in the garment sector saw their monthly earning decrease to less than 1000 Rupees, while all earned above that amount in November 2008l; and • 31% saw significant decreases in the number of days worked (SEWA).

  14. Lessons Learned

  15. Improving Women’s Work and Employability • Active labor market policies • Increasing access to credit / entrepreneurship. • Child care programs & family friendly policies • CCTs & CDDs

  16. Program features to attract women’s participation • Type of work • Nature intermediary agency • Location work site • Child care provision • Below-market wages • Eligibility criteria • Explicit women targets

  17. Active Labor Market Projects Interventions: • Wage subsidy • Training (including on-the-job) • Intermediation (job search, counseling, etc) • Public works Results: • Increase employment rate, especially women • Mixed evidence on wage rates • Mixed evidence on effects of training • Little known on cost-effectiveness (impacts sustained 9 years)

  18. Active Labor Market Projects • Voucher program (Pro- Empleo - Argentina) increased employment, especially for women and young workers Percentage point increase in employment • Source: Galasso, Ravallion & Salvia (2001)

  19. Youth Employment Projects • Vocational training program (Jóvenes en Acción – Colombia) raised earnings and employment, with larger effects for women. • Source: Attanasio et al (2008)

  20. Questions • Job displacement? • Lower wages? • Crowd out private training? • Differentials by gender in exiting from workfare? • Differentials by gender in stigmatization?

  21. Thank you

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