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The Solvay Process

The Solvay Process. Deepak Khabra. The Solvay process is a method of making sodium carbonate from the raw materials sodium chloride, ammonia and calcium carbonate Was first used by Ernest Solvay in Germany during the 1860’s There are still 70 plants running today

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The Solvay Process

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  1. The Solvay Process Deepak Khabra

  2. The Solvay process is a method of making sodium carbonate from the raw materials sodium chloride, ammonia and calcium carbonate • Was first used by Ernest Solvay in Germany during the 1860’s • There are still 70 plants running today • 2 NaCl + CaCO3 → Na2CO3 + CaCl2 • No new plants using this method are being built as it has been replaced by heating the mineral trona (Na2CO3.NaHCO3.2H2O) • Was an improvement over the older Leblanc process What is it?

  3. There are 4 steps to the Solvay process • Brine Purification • Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate Formation • Sodium Carbonate formation • Ammonia recovery Process

  4. Brine is concentrated by evaporating impurities • Brine Solution is then filtered through an ammonia tower to dissolve ammonia Step 1: Brine Purification

  5. Carbon dioixide is produced by the thermal decomposition of limestone, CaCO3(s), in the lime kiln: CaCO3(s) -----> CO2(g) + CaO(s) • Carbon dioxide is bubbled through the ammoniated brine solution in the carbonating tower. • The carbon dioxide dissolves to form a weak acid: CO2(g) + H2O(l) -----> HCO3-(aq) + H+(aq) • The ammonia in the brine reacts with H+ to form ammonium ions: NH3(aq) + H+(aq) -----> NH4+(aq) • The HCO3- reacts with Na+ to form a suspension of sodium hydrogen carbonate: HCO3-(aq) + Na+(aq) -----> NaHCO3(s) • NH3(aq) + CO2(g) + NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) -----> NaHCO3(s) + NH4Cl(aq) Step 2: Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate Formation

  6. Sodium hydrogen heated at 300oC to produce sodium carbonate: 2NaHCO3(s) -----> Na2CO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(g)The carbon dioxide produced is recycled back into the carbonating tower. Step 3: Sodium Carbonate Formation

  7. Calcium oxide is formed as a by-product of the thermal decomposition of limestone • This calcium oxide enters a lime slaker to react with water to form calcium hydroxide: CaO(s) + H2O(l) -----> Ca(OH)2(aq) • The calcium hydroxide produced here is reacted with ammonium chlorideCa(OH)2(aq) + 2NH4Cl(aq) -----> CaCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l) + 2NH3(g) • The ammonia is recycled back into the process to form ammoniated brine.  Step 4: Ammonia Recovery

  8. manufacture of soap, glass, ceramics, paper, sodium hydroxide and sodium hydrogen carbonate • petroleum refining • water softener • cleaner and degreaser in washing compounds • removing sulfur dioxide from waste gases in power stations. The uses of Sodium Carbonate (Soda Ash)

  9. Calcium Chloride is a by product of this process and it does not have many uses so it is often dumped into rivers. • Ammonia is released into the atmosphere Environmental Issues

  10. http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/options/industrial/2765/Ch956.htmhttp://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/chemistry/options/industrial/2765/Ch956.htm • http://www.chem.tamu.edu/class/majors/chem470/Solvay.html • http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/science/solvay-process.html • http://pubs.acs.org/subscribe/archive/tcaw/11/i02/html/02chemchron.html • http://www.citycollegiate.com/sblock2.htm • http://www.ausetute.com.au/solvay.html Bibliography

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