THIS IS A STUDY GUIDE , NOT AN ALL INCLUSIVE REVIEW.

THIS IS A STUDY GUIDE, NOT AN ALL INCLUSIVE REVIEW. • THERE MIGHT BE THINGS NOT COVERED BY THIS STUDY GUIDE THAT MIGHT BEASKED IN YOUR QUIZZES and PRACTICAL TESTS. • STUDENTS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR STUDYING THEIR MANUAL AND FOR ALL THE MATERIAL COVERED DURING THE LABORATORY PERIOD, AS PER THE COURSE SYLLABUS

Lab # 6 The Respiratory System 2

Pressure-Volume Relationships in the Lungs Expiration Inspiration -3 +3 Air: 760 mmHg Volume Volume Pressure (757 mmHg) Pressure (763 mmHg) Rib cage in normal position and diaphragm is relaxed Intercostal muscles elevates the rib cage and diaphragm is contracted Boyle’s law: Pressure and volume are inversely proportional

Lungs Volumes and Capacities Spirometer It is a device that recaptures expired breath and records variables such as rate and depth of breathing, speed of expiration, and rate of oxygen consumption. Wet Spirometer It is used to assess only expiratoryvolumes. Dry Spirometer Computerized Spirometer

Measurements of Ventilation Respiratory Volumes 1- Tidal volume (TV): It is volume of air inhaled and exhaled in one cycle during quiet breathing (500 mL) 2- Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV): It is the air in excess of tidal volume that can be inhaled with maximum effort (3000 mL) 3- Expiratory reserve volume (ERV): It is the air in excess of tidal volume that can be exhaled with maximum effort (1200 mL) 4- Residual volume (RV): It is the air remaining in lungs after maximum expiration (1300 mL)

Pulmonary Volumes 1- Tidal volume (TV): It is volume of air inhaled and exhaled in one cycle during quiet breathing (500 mL) 2- Expiratory reserve volume (ERV): It is the air in excess of tidal volume that can be exhaled with maximum effort (1200 mL) 3- Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV): It is the air in excess of tidal volume that can be inhaled with maximum effort ( 1900 - 3100 mL) 4- Residual volume (RV): It is the air remaining in lungs after maximum expiration (1300 mL) Maximum possible inspiration 2- Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) 1- Tidal volume (TV) 3- Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) Maximum voluntary expiration 4- Residual volume (RV)

Pulmonary Capacities 1-Inspiratory capacity (IC): It is the maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal expiration (2400-3600 mL) 2-Functional residual capacity (FRC): It is the amount of air remaining in lungs after a normal tidal expiration (2500 mL) 3-Vital capacity (VT): It is the total amount of air that can be inhaled and then exhaled with maximum effort (4700mL) 4-Total lung capacity (TLC) It is the maximum amount of air the lungs can contain Maximum possible inspiration 2- Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) Inspiratory capacity Vital capacity 1- Tidal volume (TV) Total lung capacity 3- Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) Maximum voluntary expiration Functional residual capacity 4- Residual volume (RV)

Why do we breathe? • All our body processes directly or indirectly require ATP and ATP synthesis requires oxygen and produces carbon dioxide Food O2 + CO2 + H2O + We need to breathe to take in oxygen, and eliminate carbon dioxide

O2 • The respiratory and cardiovascular systems work together to deliver oxygen to the tissues and remove carbon dioxide CO2 Alveoli in lung • They are often considered jointly as cardiopulmonary system. Disorders of lungs directly effect the heart and vise versa O2 CO2 • The respiratory system and the urinary system collaborate to regulate the body’s acid base balance Tissue cells Excess of CO2 reacts with water and releases H+ CO2 - + H2O H2CO3 HCO3 + H+ When the concentration of H+ increases, the acidity increases and the pH decreases O2 Food CO2 H2O CO2 pH

THIS IS A STUDY GUIDE , NOT AN ALL INCLUSIVE REVIEW.