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Sir Francis Galton (1822-1911)

Sir Francis Galton (1822-1911). Geographer, explorer, inventor, scientist The ‘Father of Differential Psychology’ Intellectually precocious (letter to sister Adele). Galton’s Letter to his Sister Adele. My Dear Adele,

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Sir Francis Galton (1822-1911)

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  1. Sir Francis Galton (1822-1911) • Geographer, explorer, inventor, scientist • The ‘Father of Differential Psychology’ • Intellectually precocious (letter to sister Adele)

  2. Galton’s Letter to his Sister Adele My Dear Adele, I am 4 years old and I can read any English book. I can say all the Latin substantives and adjectives and active verbs, besides 52 lines of Latin poetry. I can cast up any sum in addition and can multiply by 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, (9), 10, (11). I can also say the pence table. I read French a little and I know the clock. Francis Galton Febuary 15, 1827

  3. Sir Francis Galton (1822-1911) • Geographer, explorer, inventor, scientist • The ‘Father of Differential Psychology’ • Intellectually precocious (letter to sister Adele) • Terman estimated Galton’s IQ > 200

  4. Sir Francis Galton (1822-1911) • Age 4: Classification system for insects • Age 13: Francis Galton’s aerostatic project • Age 15: Entered medical school

  5. Sir Francis Galton (1822-1911) • Galton was Darwin’s half-cousin: developed an interest in evolutionary theory • Galton believed in the concept of General Intelligence • First to study twins and “nature vs. nurture”

  6. Sir Francis Galton (1822-1911) • Believed a person’spotential for intelligence was entirely inherited but that education also had a role • Education is to intelligence as training is to athleticism • Galton’s study of “Hereditary Genius”

  7. Charles Spearman(1863-1945) • British psychologist who worked with Galton • Developed the Rank-Order Correlation Coefficient: • Reported high correlations between measures of ability, reaction times and sensory discrimination

  8. Raven’s Progressive Matrices

  9. Threats to Spearman • American psychologists (Wissler, E.L. Thorndike, Kelley) report very small correlations between tests of ability and reaction times • 1933: L.L. Thurstone publishes “The Theory of Multiple Factors” • 1938: Thurstone administers 56 tests to 240 students • factor analysis yields no ‘g’ but 8 ‘primary mental abilities’

  10. Support for Spearman: The London School • 1939: Eysenck re-analyses Thurstone’s 1938 data and extracts a ‘g’ factor accounting for 31% of the variance, plus 6 group factors, the largest of which accounts for only 6.61% of the variance • 1941: Thurstone administers 60 tests to 1154 subjects; pre-computer factor analyses 1935 correlations

  11. Support for Spearman: The London School • Primary ability factors are now found to be correlated: Yielding a single ‘second-order’ factor-g • 1950: The Burt/P.E. Vernon Hierarchical Structure of Human Abilities

  12. Other Theories of Intelligence 1959: Guilford’s ‘Structure of Intellect’

  13. Cognition of Figural Units Example: Recognizing familiar pictured objects presented as silhouettes and with parts missing

  14. Other Theories of Intelligence 1959: Guilford’s ‘Structure of Intellect’

  15. Cognition of Symbolic Units Example: Filling in missing letters to complete words P _ W _ R M _ RV _ L

  16. Other Theories of Intelligence • 1964: Guilford admits to trying to devise tests that are uncorrelated • 1971: Guilford claims to have identified 98 of 120 possible factors

  17. Other Theories of Intelligence Cattell’s ‘Fluid and Crystallized’ g Factors (1967) gf: reasoning, novel problem-solving Bereiter: “What we use when we don’t know the answer”

  18. Other Theories of Intelligence gc -acquired knowledge and skills -the extent of one’s investment of gf into learning • gf & gc are quite highly correlated but also represent distinct abilities

  19. Other Theories of Intelligence gf gc largely innate more dependent on environment peaks early in life, then declines may continue to develop throughout course of life Best measured by Culture-Free Tests (Raven Matrices) Best measured by Culture-Loaded, Power Tests (vocabulary) Best measured by Speeded Tests

  20. More ‘g’ Factors A) gs: Speed of Processing B) gr: Retrieval Fluency SAR: Short-term Acquisition and Recall TSR: Long-term Storage and Retrieval C) gx: Flexibility/Originality D) gv: Visual Intelligence (Spatial) E) ga: Auditory Intelligence (Musical)

  21. Other Theories of Intelligence • Jensen’s “Level I/Level II” • Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory • Gardner’s “Multiple Intelligences” • Vernon’s “Neural Efficiency” • Carroll’s 1993 Factor Analyses • Gustafsson’s 1984 Model

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