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The Biology of Mind Chapter 4

The Biology of Mind Chapter 4. The Biology of Mind. The Nervous System Neural Communication The Brain The Endocrine System. The Nervous System. Central Nervous System. efferent vs. afferent nerves brain = 12 cranial nerves that exist within themselves. Peripheral.

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The Biology of Mind Chapter 4

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  1. The Biology of MindChapter 4

  2. The Biology of Mind The Nervous System Neural Communication The Brain The Endocrine System

  3. The Nervous System

  4. Central Nervous System • efferent vs. afferent nerves • brain = 12 cranial nerves that exist within themselves

  5. Peripheral • Autonomic = blood, visceral organs • Sympathetic • Parasympathetic • Somatic = skeletal nervous system • sense receptors

  6. Types of Neurotransmitters • See sheet • Endorphins • Hormones

  7. Synapse Synapse [SIN-aps]ajunction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. This tiny gap is called the synaptic gap or cleft.

  8. Neurotransmitters Neurotransmitters (chemicals) released from the sending neuron travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing it to generate an action potential.

  9. Reuptake Neurotransmitters in the synapse are reabsorbed into the sending neurons through the process of reuptake. This process applies the brakes on neurotransmitter action.

  10. Lock & Key Mechanism Exogenous Agents Agonists – enhance neurotransmitter activity Antagonists – impede action

  11. Propagation synaptic vesicles receptor sites excitatory vs. inhibitory signals = action potential (exceeds threshold)

  12. Types of Neurons • Sensory • Motor • Interneuron

  13. Glial Cells • Nutrition • Insulation • Protection from toxins • Cleanliness • Communication

  14. Brain Scans • PET Scan • EEG • MRI Scan Phineas Gage

  15. PET Scan PET (positron emission tomography) Scan is a visual display of brain activity that detects a radioactive form of glucose while the brain performs a given task. Courtesy of National Brookhaven National Laboratories

  16. Electroencephalogram (EEG) An amplified recording of the electrical waves sweeping across the brain’s surface, measured by electrodes placed on the scalp. AJ Photo/ Photo Researchers, Inc.

  17. MRI Scan MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of brain tissue. Top images show ventricular enlargement in a schizophrenic patient. Bottom image shows brain regions when a participants lies. Both photos from Daniel Weinberger, M.D., CBDB, NIMH James Salzano/ Salzano Photo Lucy Reading/ Lucy Illustrations

  18. Endocrine System • Pituitary • Thyroid • Parathyroid • Adrenal • Testes & Ovaries

  19. Pituitary Gland Is called the “master gland.” The anterior pituitary lobe releases hormones that regulate other glands. The posterior lobe regulates water and salt balance.

  20. Thyroid & Parathyroid Glands Regulate metabolic and calcium rate.

  21. Adrenal Glands Adrenal glands consist of the adrenal medulla and the cortex. The medulla secretes hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) during stressful and emotional situations, while the adrenal cortex regulates salt and carbohydrate metabolism.

  22. Gonads Sex glands are located in different places in men and women. They regulate bodily development and maintain reproductive organs in adults.

  23. Brain Differences • Gender differences • Left Brain-Right Brain

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