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Rinderpest global eradication Greatest historical achievement of veterinary medicine

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Rinderpest global eradication Greatest historical achievement of veterinary medicine

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  1. Prof.MVDr Václav Kouba, DrSc. participating as the Chief, Animal Health Service, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO-UN)when he was responsible for the global rinderpest eradication programme and its resultFAO message dated 20 September 2010: „FAO highly values your contribution towards rinderpest global eradication.“ Rinderpest global eradication Greatest historical achievement of veterinary medicine Rinderpest is the first animal infection eradicated globally and not only in susceptible species of domestic but also of wild animals. This historic achievement ranked as the second in history after the global eradication of smallpox in humans in 1980. July 2011 Latest amendment on 20 January 2014

  2. Rinderpest • The rinderpest recurred throughout history causinghundreds of millions of animal deathsthat preceded famines in Africa and Asia. The catastrophic consequences of the rinderpest caused in 18th century the foundation of the veterinary profession, in 19th century the establishment of public veterinary services and in 1924 the foundation of the International Office of Epizootics (OIE). • The rinderpest has been registered in 114 countries of all continents, causing enormous economic losses. After the World War II there were remaining 66 rinderpest countries. The initial programmes at local and national levels were gradually extended. In 1986 Animal Health Service of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) after fixing final deadline – 2010 started global rinderpest eradication programme merging newly established regional projects in Africa, West Asia and South Asia. The final stage started in 1994 as FAO-GREP project finishing eradication in all remaining countries affected by the rinderpest. The main method consisted in: active discovery of all outbreaks, immediate isolation of the places, where cases of rinderpest were identified, followed by sanitary slaughter and disposal of all sick and suspect animals, thorough sanitation of infected environment and by a prolonged period of wide spread specific post-eradication serological surveillance. More than 3 billion vaccinations of threatened populations played extraordinary protection role. Specific vaccination was finished in 2006. During following surveysit had been no evidence of the existence of this infection in the nature. • The largest and longest international anti-epizootic global programme against the most dangerous animal disease has been successfully completed before the end of 2010. Rinderpest worldwide eradication is the best result in the history of veterinary medicine. Main lesson: It has been proved the feasibility to eradicate specific animal infection in the whole world starting n e w e r a of veterinary medicine – global veterinary medicine considering global animal population as one epizootiological unit.

  3. Rinderpest (cattle plague) had a long history -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Example: Bible, TheOld Testament: Exodus 9: 1-7 „Theplagueofthecattle“ = „fifthplagueof Egypt“ - duringpharaohs‘ nineteenth dynasty (around 13thcentury B. C.)

  4. Herd of cattle dead due to rinderpest(World Animal Review, Special Issue – Rinderpest, 1983, FAO)

  5. Herd of cattle dead due to rinderpest(World Animal Review, Special Issue – Rinderpest, 1983, FAO) Unloading bodies of dead cattle Dead cattle bodies in excavated pit for burial

  6. Rinderpest morbillivirus(included among biological weapons of mass destruction)

  7. Rinderpest morbillivirus lineages

  8. Rinderpest – small shallow haemorrhagic erosions (looking like bran):on the inner surface of the lower lips and on the ventralsurface of the tongue tip, Mongolia, 1964(photo V. Kouba)

  9. Rinderpest – haemorrhagic erosions on the inner surface of the lower and upper lips, the gums, and on the surface of the tongue, Saudi Arabia, 1981(photo V. Kouba)

  10. Rinderpest – haemorrhagic diarrhoea, Mongolia, 1964(photo V. Kouba)

  11. Rinderpest – haemorrhages in the small intestine, Mongolia, 1964(photo V. Kouba)

  12. Rinderpest –haemorrhages in the gallbladder, Mongolia, 1964(photo V. Kouba)

  13. Rinderpest – map of all countries affected(V. Kouba according to OIE WAHID 2009 data)

  14. FAO EMPRES Transboundary Animal Diseases Bulletin, No. 38 - 2011

  15. Rinderpest – map of global eradication programme in 1986(FAO archive)

  16. FAO EMPRES Transboundary Animal Diseases Bulletin, No. 38 - 2011

  17. Rinderpest

  18. FAO EMPRES Transboundary Animal Diseases Bulletin, No. 38 - 2011

  19. List of countries affected by rinderpest and years of reporting last cases (OIE World Animal Health Information Database - WAHID 2010) • Africa: Angola (1962), Benin (1987), Botswana (1899), Burkina Faso (1988), Burundi (1934), Cameroon (1986), Central African Republic (1983), Chad (1984), Congo (1986), Cote d’Ivoire (1986), Djibuti (1985), Egypt (1987), Eritrea (1995), Ethiopia (1995), Gambia (1965), Ghana (1988), Guinea (1967), Guinea Bissau (1967), Kenya (2003), Lesotho (1886), Libya (1966), Mali (1986), Mauritania (2003), Mozambique (1896), Namibia (1907), Niger (1986), Nigeria (1987), Reunion (1902), Ruanda (1932), Senegal (1978), Somalia (1983), South Africa (1904), Sudan (1998), Swaziland (1898), Tanzania (1997), Togo (1986), Uganda (1994), Zambia (1896), Zimbabwe (1898). • Americas: Bermuda, Brazil (1921). • Asia: Afghanistan (1995), Armenia (1928), Azerbaijan (1929), Bahrain (1985), Bangladesh (1958), Bhutan (1969), Brunei (1950), Cambodia (1986), China (1955), Hong-kong (1950), India (1995), Indonesia (1907), Iran (1994), Irak (1996), Izrael (1983), Kuwait (1985), Japan (1924), Jordan (1972), Kazakhstan (1928), Korea (1931), Korea-DPR (1948), Laos (1966), Lebanon (1982), Malayasia (1924), Mongolia (1992), Myanmar (1957), Nepal (1990), Oman (1995), Pakistan (2000), Palestian Auton. Territories (1983), Philippines (1955), Qatar (1987), Saudi Arabia (1999), Singapur (1930), Sri Lanka (1994), Syria (1982), Taipei China (1949), Thailand (1959), Turkey (1996), United Arab Emirates (1995), Vietnam (1977), Yemen (1995). • Europe: Albania (1924), Austria (1881), Belgium (1920), Bosnia and Herzegovina (1883), Bulgaria (1913), Croatia (1883), Czech Republic (1881), Denmark (1782), Finland (1877), France (1870), Georgia (1989), Germany (1870), Greece (1926), Hungary (1881), Ireland (1866), Italy (1949), Latvia (1921), Netherlands (1869), Poland (1921), Romania (1886), Russia (1998), Serbia and Montenegro (1883), Slovakia (1881), Slovenia (1883), Sweden (1700), Switzerland (1871), U.K./Great Britain (1877), U.K. Northern Ireland (1900). • Oceania: Australia (1923).

  20. Rinderpest – graph on number of countries officially reporting last cases during 1963-2003 (V. Kouba according to OIE WAHID 2009 data)

  21. Rinderpest – graph on countries officially reporting last cases during 1963-2003 (V. Kouba according to OIE WAHID 2009 data)

  22. The author introduced from 1988 periodical analyses of global rinderpest eradication campaign published in the FAO/WHO/OIE Animal Health Yearbook

  23. Reported cases of rinderpest introduction • ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- • Country Year Yearbook Page Notes • ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- • Iraq 1918 FAO Rinderp 42 1998 Rinderpest-the Challenge FAO Exp. Consultation 1998 import from India • Syria 1920 FAO Rinderp 42 1998 Rinderpest-the Challenge FAO Exp. Consultation 1998 (persisted until 1934) • Brazil 1921 FAO1978 38 imported zebu from India • Jordan 1926 FAO Rinderp 42 1998 Rinderpest-the Challenge FAO Exp. Consultation 1998 • Italy 1949 FAO1983 70 zoological garden in Rome in imported animals • Bahrain 1962 FAORinderp 42 1998 Rinderpest-the Challenge FAO Exp. Consultation 1998 • Saudi Arabia 1965 FAORinderp 42 1998 Rinderpest-the Challenge FAO Exp. Consultation 1998 • Yemen 1965 FAORinderp 42 1998 Rinderpest-the Challenge FAO Exp. Consultation 1998 • Saudi Arabia 1971 FAO1971 86 +<= +++ • Ivory Coast 1972 FAO1972 22 reintroduced through imported cattle • Kuwait 1972 FAO1972 178 in trading cattle imported • Libanon 1972 FAO1972 178 in trading cattle imported • Jordan 1973 FAO1973 177 in quarantine of cattle imported from Africa • Saudi Arabia 1974 FAO1974 102 +++ • Kenya 1976 FAO1976 6 • Bahrain 1979 FAO1979 102 in imported cattle only 100 % mortality • Kenya 1980 FAO1980 6 <= last case among local cattle in 1975 • Kenya 1981 FAO1981 6 <= • Iran 1982 FAO1982 179 imported by slaughter cattle from East Africa • Kenya 1982 FAO1982 6 <= • Oman 1982 FAO1982 179 imported by slaughter cattle from East Africa • Saudi Arabia 1982 FAO1982 179 imported by slaughter cattle from East Africa • Syria 1982 FAO1982 86 +! brought by slaughterstock • UnitedArabEmirat. 1982 FAO1982 179 imported by slaughter cattle from East Africa • Kenya 1983 FAO1983 6 <= • Oman 1983 FAO1983 102 imported cattle • Kenya 1984 FAO1984 6 <= • Oman 1984 FAO1984 102 <= source of outbreaks: imported cattle • UnitedArabEmirat. 1984 FAO1984 102 <= • Bahrain 1985 FAO1985 156 in imported cattle • Turkey 1991 WAHOIE1997 331 due to illegal movement of animals • Iran 1994 WAHOIE1994 535 in fattening cattle illegally imported via the western borders • Turkey 1994 WAHOIE1994 11 illegal import • Eritrea 1995 WAHOIE1995 10 ox bought-market Asmara probably imported • UnitedArabEmirat. 1995 WAHOIE1997 345 in cattle imported from a country of the Horn of Africa • Turkey 1996 WAHOIE1996 12 throught illegal import- • -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- • FAO = FAO/WHO/OIE Animal Health Yearbook; WAHOIE = OIE World Animal Health Source: http:vaclavkouba.byl.cz/disintrod.htm

  24. Example of author‘s involment as the Chief, Animal Health Service, FAO responsible for the rinderpest global eradication programme. (Africa territory – PARC HQs, Nairobi, Kenya) Dr Walter N. Masiga, Director, IBAR (Inter-African Bureau for Animal Resurces), Organization of African Unity, Nairobi, Kenya

  25. Other example of author‘s involment as the Chief, Animal Health Service, FAO responsible for rinderpest global eradication programme. (West Asia territory – WAREC HQs, Bagdad, Iraq)

  26. Full text in http://vaclavkouba.byl.cz/rinderpestA.htm

  27. FAO EMPRES Transboundary Animal Diseases Bulletin, No. 38 - 2011

  28. Management of rinderpest global eradicationunder the leadership of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) • The demanding global rinderpest eradication programmes had different work/resources/time consuming phases: • preparatory phase: • rinderpest etiology and epizootiology research and its results’ testing; field investigations to identify all outbreaks and threatened territories; identification of control/eradication strategy, tactics and methodology (incl. diagnosis system based on laboratory investigations); feasibility studies and pilot testing; specific vaccine development, production and control; creation of necessary conditions (manpower, material, transport, funds incl. subsidies; logistics; public, legislation and political support; etc.); identification of specific objectives (incl. deadlines); attraction of donors; clearance procedures; • starting phase; • intensive attack phase combined with protective measures including vaccination; • elimination phase, • eradication phase and • post-eradication phase under continuing surveillance verifying freedom from rinderpest and systematic evaluations. • All these inter-connected phases were exigent but very important depending on the results of the previous ones. • Complex system approach when applying action-oriented epizootiological principles was of extraordinary importance. Global eradication of rinderpest represented a very difficult extraordinary complex problem to besolved being complicated by the fact that every case was different under different conditions requiring different practical application of established anti-rinderpest principles and target-oriented plans. Before starting to write the proper project documents, there was a need for programme context and convincing justification of expecting result, i.e. situation at the end of the project. When preparing anti-rinderpest projects it must be considered not only the disease occurrence, its territorial localization, stage of development (bases for programme measures) but also domestic and wild animal populations of susceptible species size, structure and distribution. Target-oriented investigative activities provided necessary information on rinderpest occurrence before starting, during and at the end of the programme as well as during follow-up period. It must be considered veterinary service organization and its ability of anti-rinderpest actions. It must be considered influencing factors such as ecological, economic, social, cultural and political conditions as well as public, government and donors’ supports. In some country political instability or even war complicated anti-rinderpest programme. The grade of the demandingness was multiplied by the fact that the time-bound programme required to reach the eradication prior to the deadline what was much more difficult than before 1985 without fixed global deadline. • Among the most difficult anti-rinderpest projects’ problems was to raise necessary funds for national as well as international programmes. More information in: http://vaclavkouba.byl.cz/rp_action3.htm http://vaclavkouba.byl.cz/Rinderpest-lessons.htm http://vaclavkouba.byl.cz/Rinderpest-CENTAUR.htm

  29. Full text in: http://www.projects.its.czu.cz/ats/index.htm

  30. Examplesofanti-rinderpest activities • ofAnimalHealthService, FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations • REGIONAL FIELDPROJECTS BACKSTOPPED BY THE ANIMAL HEALTH SERVICE DURING 1990 • - Technical support to Pan-African Rinderpest Eradication Campaign (PARC) • - PARC: Communication and Training (OAU Countries) • - PARC: Training on National Communication Officers (OAU Countries) • - Veterinary Vaccine Production and Quality Control in Africa • - Technical Support for National Mass Communication Activities PARC • - Improvement of Vaccine Production in Eastern, Central and Southern Africa • - Communication Coordination (PARC) • - Progr. regional de serosurveillance de la peste bovine • - Western Asia Rinderpest Eradication Campaign Coordination (WARECC) • South Asia Rinderpest Eradication Campaign (SAREC) • ANTI-RINDERPEST MEETINGS ORGANIZED BY ANIMAL HEALTH SERVICE, FAO • 1981:Joint FAO/OAU/OIE Meeting on Rinderpest Eradication in Africa • 1983:Second Informal Meeting on the Pan-African Rinderpest Campaign • 1984:Expert Consultation on Rinderpest Diagnosis and Vaccine Production/Control • 1987:Expert Consultation on Global Strategy for Control and Eradication of Rinderpest • 1992:Expert Consultation on Strategy for Global Rinderpest Eradication • 1995:Emergency Preparedness and Contingency Planning for Rinderpest and other Epidemic Disease Emergencies in Africa • FAO PUBLICATIONS AND DOCUMENTS ON RINDERPEST CONTROL • 1967: Diagnosticof Rinderpest • 1985: A Practical Guide for Rinderpest Campaign Field Personnel • 1986:Manual on the Diagnosis of Rinderpest • 1994:Quality Control Testing of Rinderpest Cell Culture Vaccine • FAO/WHO/OIE ANIMAL HEALTH YEARBOOK • Annualinformation on rindepestoccurrence in individualcountries • Annualanalysisof rinderpest occurrencechanges • Specialreports on regional (continental) anti-rindepestsituationandactivities: • OAU/FAO Pan African Rinderpest Campaign (PARC) • West Asia Rinderpest Eradication Campaign Coordination (WARECC) • Reports of FAO Regional Offices: for Africa (RAFR), Asia and the Pacific (RAPA) and Near East (RNE)

  31. Two former Chiefs, Animal Health Service, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO): Prof. Dr Václav Kouba (Czechoslovakia)with his predecessorDr Joshihiro Ozawa(Japan) (he initiated and launched in 1986 global rinderpest eradication programme, incl. forecasting its deadline - by 2010) • Following Chiefs, Animal Health Service, FAO: Dr Yves Cheneau (France) Dr Joseph Maurice Domenech (France) Dr Juan Lubroth (USA) • all also responsible for global rinderpest eradication • programme management and results. Very important role was played by supporting departments of the FAO HQs headed by Director-Generals.The final phase of eradication was associated with the name Jacques Diouf, DG who this programme devoted special attention.

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