Simple Machines

1. Simple Machines The Lever

2. Lever Goals • Identify and draw the 3 classes of levers • Understand the 3 cases of ideal mechanical advantage • IMA>1 • IMA<1 • IMA=1 • Know and understand how to apply to the 2 formulas for mechanical advantage

3. Levers are… • 1 of 2 main types of simple machines. (Inclined plane is the other kind.) • A machine helps you use your energy more effectively. • used to multiply input force • used to change the direction of motion

4. Parts of a Lever • FULCRUM – a support or pivot • OUTPUT FORCE (Resistance or load) – what you are trying to move • INPUT FORCE (Effort or applied force) – your effort or force that is applied to lift the load

5. Identifying Class of Lever First, Second, or Third

6. Three Types of Levers

7. Similarities/Differences Levers

8. Eureka! The Lever • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wV1pYkTtsxg&NR=1

9. Three Types of Levers

10. FOI or FLE

11. Ugh! How am I going to remember? • What is in between is the key to identity of the lever. • FOI or FLE • 1. Fulcrum or Fulcrum • 2. Output or Load • 3. Input or Effort

12. First Class Lever Input force Output force

14. Example: First Class Lever

15. Example: First Class Lever

16. Example: First Class Lever

17. Real Life Examples • Can you locate the fulcrum?

18. Second Class Lever Input force Output force

19. Ugh! How am I going to remember? • What is in between is the key to identity of the lever. • FOI or FLE • 1. Fulcrum or Fulcrum • 2. Output or Load • 3. Input or Effort

21. Example: Second Class Lever

22. Example: Second Class Lever

23. Example: Second Class Lever

24. Real life examples • Can you find the fulcrum?

25. Third Class Lever Output force Input force

26. Ugh! How am I going to remember? • What is in between is the key to identity of the lever. • FOI or FLE • 1. Fulcrum or Fulcrum • 2. Output or Load • 3. Input or Effort

28. Example: Third Class Lever

29. Example: Third Class Lever

30. Example: Third Class Lever

31. Ideal Mechanical Advantage(Friction -not taken into consideration) • is the factor by which a machine multiplies the force put into it. OR • # of times a force exerted on machine is multiplied by the machine • MA does not have units!

32. What people are most important to remember? FoFi LiLo Learn to fly http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eAACaVQNsQs&feature=related

33. IMA Levers: 2 Formulas IMA (lever) = Li (length of input arm) Lo (length of output arm) IMA (lever) = Fo (output force) Fi (input force)

34. Question #1 • A construction worker uses a board and log as a lever to lift a heavy rock. If the input arm is 5 meters long and the output arm is 0.55 meters long, what is the ideal mechanical advantage of the lever? • Based on the IMA calculated above, what does this mean about the applied force (input force) and the distance?

35. Question #2 • If the input force of a first class lever is 6 Newtons and the output force is 3 Newtons, then what is the ideal mechanical advantage of this machine? • Based on the IMA calculated above, what does this mean about the applied force and the distance? • Now that you know the IMA of the lever, approximately, where would you place the fulcrum?

36. Question #3 • A first class lever used to lift a heavy box has an input arm of 5 meters and an output arm of 0.9 meters. What is the ideal mechanical advantage of the lever? • Based on the IMA calculated above, what does this mean about the applied force and the distance?

37. Question #4 • If the output force of a first class lever is 10 Newtons and the input force is 20 Newtons, then what is the ideal mechanical advantage of this machine? • Based on the IMA calculated above, what does this mean about the applied force and the distance? • Now that you know the IMA of the lever, approximately, where would you place the fulcrum?

38. Question #5 • What is the ideal mechanical advantage of a lever that has an input arm of 4 meters and an output arm of 3 meters? • Based on the IMA calculated above, what does this mean about the applied force and the distance?

39. Question #6 • A lever with an input arm of 3 meters has an ideal mechanical advantage of 5. What is the output arm’s length?

40. Question #7 • A lever with an output arm of 0.6 meter has an ideal mechanical advantage of 4. What is the length of the input arm?

41. Ideal Mechanical Advantage > 1 • If MA > 1, then your input force is increased by machine and distance the object moves is less. Amount of effort you need to exert is less. The machine is really helpful in this situation • Advantage – less input force is required • Input force multiplied (by machine), distance is less • Trade increased distance for decreased input force

42. Ideal Mechanical Advantage < 1 • If MA < 1,then… • your input force is decreased by the machine, distance is greater. • amount of effort you put in is greater. • machine is not as helpful, but you can move the load a greater distance. • Advantage – greater distance • Input force decreased (not multiplied by machine), distance is greater • Trade multiplied force for greater distance

43. Ideal Mechanical Advantage = 1 • If MA = 1, then input force is not multiplied by machine, the distance the load travels does not change, BUT the direction of the input force changes • Only advantage is change of direction of input force

44. Eureka! The Lever • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wV1pYkTtsxg&NR=1

45. Mechanical Advantage • Eureka - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oWiZ_5qvs7I&feature=related

46. First Class Lever • Mechanical Advantage (depending on the position of the fulcrum) can be… • <1 (fulcrum closer AF/effort/input force) • >1 (fulcrum closer load/output force) • =1 (fulcrum equally distant between the load and effort) • First Class lever is the most complicated

47. Second Class Lever • MA >1 (load/output force is between)

48. Third Class Lever • MA<1 (effort is in between)

49. What is wrong with this picture?