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Organic Chemistry Ch. 18

Organic Chemistry Ch. 18. Organic Chemistry. Study of organic molecules: Hydrocarbons Alcohols Acids Vitamins Ethers Naming hydrocarbons Naming side groups Formation of polymers. Alkane. Saturated Hydrocarbons Maximum # of H atoms ; all single bonded carbon atoms

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Organic Chemistry Ch. 18

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  1. Organic ChemistryCh. 18

  2. Organic Chemistry • Study of organic molecules: • Hydrocarbons • Alcohols • Acids • Vitamins • Ethers • Naming hydrocarbons • Naming side groups • Formation of polymers

  3. Alkane • Saturated Hydrocarbons • Maximum # of H atoms; all single bonded carbon atoms • Can exist as Chains or Rings • Longest chain of carbons is called the Parent Chain • Parent Chain tells you the base name • ALWAYS end in ANE • Rings always include “Cyclo”

  4. Properties of Alkanes • Alkanes vary in Parent Chain length and complexity • Longer Parent Chains= higher melting/boiling points • 1-4 carbons gases • 5-16 carbons liquids • +16 carbons solids • Rings burn more uniformly while chains tend to explode • Produce Structural Isomers • Same molecular formula but different structure and therefore different name

  5. Writing Compounds • Shorthand: Pentane CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 Shows number of Carbon/Hydrogen but no structure • Condensed: CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 • Structural Diagram:

  6. Naming Alkanes pentane • Simple Alkanes you follow base name; Side groups make things more complicated • Side group- any carbon chain, alcohol, ether, etc…attached to the parent chain • Rules: • Parent chain is longest number of carbons • Side groups must have the LOWEST position numbers possible • Alkane side groups end in “-yl” • Multiple side groups use Latin numbers; di, tri, etc… • Multiple side groups are alphabetical 2-methylbutane 2,2-dimethylpropane 4-ethyl-3-methylheptane

  7. Practice Naming Alkanes CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 nonane 3-ethylhexane cyclopropylcyclopentane 5-(1-methylpropyl)decane (2,2-dimethylpropyl) cycloheptane

  8. Alkenes • Unsaturated Hydrocarbons; missing H atoms due to double bonds • Can exist as Chains or Rings • Longest chain of carbons is called the Parent Chain (contains double bond) • Parent Chain tells you the base name • ALWAYS end in ENE • Rings always include “Cyclo” ethene 3-octene cyclodecene

  9. Naming Alkenes • Rules: • Double bond must have the lowest position number possible • Use di, tri, ect… plus “ene” when there are multiple double bonds • If double bond is a side group add “-yl” to ene • Rules for side groups still apply 2-methyl-3-heptene 3,3-dimethyl-1-hexene Draw: 2,2,5-trimethyl-3-nonene

  10. Properties of Alkenes Cis • Ethene gas is huge part of plastic production • Double bond produces Geometric Isomers • Double bond stops free rotation of atoms • Cis isomers Same side • Trans isomers Opposite side • Trans Alkenes have higher melting points than Cis Alkenes • Alkenes become Alkanes through Hydrogenation • Reacting with H2 gas Trans

  11. Practice Naming Alkenes 2-ethlyhexene trans-2-pentene cis-3-(1-methylethyl)-2-hexene cyclopentene

  12. Aromatic Hydrocarbons • 6 carbon Alkene ring • Benzene • Electrons shared equally in the ring; resistant to Hydrogenation • Give of distinct aromas: • Cinnamaldehyde 肉桂醛 • Cinnamon • Phenylethanol 苯乙醇 • Roses

  13. Alkynes propyne • Unsaturated Hydrocarbons • Contain triple bonded carbon atoms • Naming rules are the same for Alkenes • ALWAYS ends in YNE • The longer the Alkyne the higher the boiling/melting points • Made into Alkenes with Hydrogenation 5-ethyl-3-heptyne 5-cyclopropyl-1-hexyne

  14. Practice Naming Alkynes 5-methly-2-hexyne 4-methyl-1,5-octadiyne 5-ethyl-2-methyl-3-heptyne 2-methyl-3-hexyne

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