Lecture 4

1. Lecture 4 Development of world medicine and pharmacy of the XVIII – XX centuries. History of creation of medications.

2. From the end of ХVI century a front-rank country in an economic and cultural relation was Netherlands. Here acquires the development of studies of Paracelsus about a chemical process in an organism.

3. Paracelsus (born Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim,1493 –1541) was a German-Swiss Renaissance physician, botanist, alchemist, astrologer, and general occultist. He is also credited for giving zinc its name, calling it zincum.

4. The supporter of such knowledge’s was Van-Gelmont, which probed blood, gastric juice, water, air. He was the founder of biological chemistry.

5. In this period of more pharmacies began to execute the functions of the well equipped chemical laboratories. Chemists are considered one with the well-educated specialists, so as combine the functions of druggist and chemist.

6. Exactly on the base of pharmacies scientific centers were created. The academies of sciences were organized in Italy and France of the base of pharmacies.

7. The Swedish chemist Charles William Sheele in a little pharmacy laboratory carried out near 50 prominent openings, in particular, the method of receipt of phosphorus offered, selected a chlorine in a free kind, opened arsenic anhydride and arsenic acid, got the sulphuretted hydrogen, selected and described the half of the organic compounds known in a 18 item, including milk and benzoic acids, described the methods of receipt of ethers of lemony and other acids. Charles William Sheele (1742-1786)

8. Opening row of vegetable acids by Scheele put beginning methods of phytochemistry. • Scheele opened a sweet matter which named glycerin. • An attempt to be deprived from ballast matters at the reception of medical plants was a long ago.

9. Opium was known a long ago, him chemical treatment began in ХVІІ item and only in 1831 morphine was selected by a chemist Zertyugner.

10. Nick Vokalen Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin (1763-1829) • A French chemist Nick Vokalen was the first pharmaceutical head in Paris, founded in 1803 master, executed over 200 chemical works. He opened a chrome, beryllium, palladium, iridium, got the sulphuretted hydrogen, the cyanic acid.

11. A military chemist Bernar Kurtua (1777-1836) has opened iodine which appeared as a violet pair under operating of sulphuric acid on seaweed.

12. There is a version of the discovery of iodine - which was the culprit favorite cat Courtois: at what worked in the laboratory chemist shoulders lay the cat, who, wanting to have fun, jumped on the table and pushed to the floor stood nearby vessels, one of which was an alcohol solution of seaweed ash, and the second - sulfuric acid. After mixing liquids appeared a cloud of blue-purple pair that was nothing like iodine.

13. Karl Friedrich Mohr - German analytical chemist and pharmacist (1806-1879) Druggist Mohr was the creator of volume analysis. Не has first utillized pipettes, has designed scales of new type.

14. Antoine Baumé (1728-1804) • A French chemist and professor entered in pharmaceutical practice an aerometer for determination of closeness of alcohol and salty solutions; he founded the first factory of ammonium chloride.

15. Robert Boyl (1627-1691) physicist, chemist and theologian began to speak about modern chemical elements.

16. The chemist M.G. Klaprot (1743-1817) • opened connections of uranium and zirconium, titan (together with Gregor) and cerium (simultaneously with Bercelius).

17. The German chemist Karl Klaus (1796-1864) • has opened a new metal – ruthenium

18. Antoine Jérôme Balard (1802 –1876) • was a French chemist and the discoverer of bromine.

19. Beginning of organic chemistry connected with Liebikh and Veler. • Libikh (1803-1873) began the activity in a pharmacy. He created method of elementary organic analysis and was the founder of agronomical and physiology chemistry. Also he opened chlorate hydrates and chloroform. The method of determination of alkaloids belongs to him. • Veler described cyanic acid.

20. In the second half of ХIХ item intensively organic chemistry began to develop. • One of the prominent openings (in 1842) was synthetic receipt of aniline from nitrobenzol by the Russian chemist M.I. Zinin. • The synthesis of aniline put beginning stormy development of pharmaceutical industry. • Preparations of ductless glands, medical whey’s, vaccines and other bacterial preparations, got wide distribution.

21. In ХIХ item substantial influence on pharmacy found out development of microbiology. • Labors of the French scientist Louis Paster (1822-1895) and other scientists were proved that fermentation and rotting is investigation of vital functions of bacteria. Bacteria are not engendered arbitrarily. • Louis Paster was a founder of antiseptic. For wound infections such antiseptic facilities began to use: tincture of iodine, solution of nitrate of silver, choric water, alcohol. Most distribution was got carbolic acid.

22. With development of bacteriology there was a question about making and vacation from the pharmacies of some medical forms, what free from bacteria. • In 1885 a Petersburg’s chemist Pel suggested to use for making of solutions for hypodermic injections granules which contained the negligible quantity of antiseptic matters. • He also offered to use antiseptic facilities at storage of water extractions for warning of fermentation.

23. The production of chemical preparations in the middle of ХIХ item passed to industry. • The extracts and tinctures began to make in galenic laboratories. Getting of alkaloids in a pharmacy became unprofitable and factories had been organized. In 1816 the production of quinine was organized. • In 1827 a chemist Merk (Germany) pawned basis of factory production of morphine, narcotic, quinine, strychnine and other matters. On the base of pharmacy laboratory the factory of Ridal was founded, which made 570 preparations in 1844.

24. Among achievements of phytochemistry of ХІХ an important place occupies opening of cocaine. • An attempt to change configuration of cocaine resulted in the synthesis of novocaine. Novocaine is anesthetic which did not yield to the cocaine, but had in repeatedly less toxic. • G. Devi (1778-1829) marked the anesthesia action of nitrous oxide. In 1844 soured nitrogen was used for tooth extraction.

25. On completion of this period of time it is necessary to give another fact. • At the end of ХVIII century appeared a new theory of treatment of illnesses - to treat with the slight doses of clean medicinal matters. • The founder of this theory was German doctor Samuel Ganeman (1755-1845). • Theory of Ganeman got the name homoeopathy. • Ganeman principles consisted that medication which is chosen for treatment of that or other illness must in large doses lead to the phenomenon very similar with the symptoms of this illness.

26. It was considered from the point of view homoeopaths, that for treatment of every illness only enough one simple remedy. It action is stronger in less doses. • Operating force of medications is arrived at breeding and mixed. • So two drops of fresh juices or primary tinctures from vegetable medications mix up with 98 drops of alcohol. • Then drop of this mixture - with 99 drops of alcohol make the second breeding et cetera.

27. Druggists which were the supporters of these studies opened the special homoeopathic pharmacies. The network of these separate pharmacies exists in our time.

28. In 20th in London a bacteriologist Fleming put experiments with the colonies of streptococci on the special environment. • He paid attention, that an environment was soiled by mould which dissolved the culture of streptococci. • From mould a researcher got an antibacterial enzyme lizocim. • Continuing experiments, Fleming noticed that green mould secreted an antibacterial matter which represses growth of many bacteria. He named this matter penicillin. • After the row of publications and lecture on International congress of microbiologists in 1936 opening, however, did not bring over to itself attention.

29. Later the group of the Oxford scientists, which was led by a microbiologist G.Flori (1898-1968) and biochemist E.Cheyn, got penicillin in a clean kind (1906-1979). • First he was applied on February, 12 in 1941 in London. • The industrial issue of penicillin began in 1943 in the USA. From the beginning of opening and 20 years passed to practical use.

30. Another antibiotic - streptomycin was opened by Vaksman (1888-1973). He, beginning from 1939, probed an over 500 microorganisms and in 1942 selected streptomycin, which became a mighty weapon in a fight against infections which are caused by putrid bacteria.

31. In the XX century attention increased to the vitamins, in particular, to the mechanism of their receipt and introduction in medical practice. The doctor from Netherlands Eykman, being on an island Java, paid a regard to the sickly state of chickens which were in a cage and eaten cleared rice. Chickens which fermented on a court and searched a various meal had a healthy kind. Eykman succeeded to select from the rice a matter which in the composition had an amino group. From 1932 this matter got the name "vitamin", from Latin "vita" is life.