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North Africa Today

Chapter 11. North Africa Today. Bellringer for 11/29/12. Name 3 countries in Africa. Egypt. Section 1. Egypt’s Land and Climate. Nile River Empties into Mediterranean Sea Silt  small particles of rich soil that is good for farming. Suez Canal

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North Africa Today

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  1. Chapter 11 North Africa Today

  2. Bellringer for 11/29/12 • Name 3 countries in Africa

  3. Egypt Section 1

  4. Egypt’s Land and Climate • Nile River • Empties into Mediterranean Sea • Silt small particles of rich soil that is good for farming. • Suez Canal • Separates the Sinai Peninsula from the rest of Egypt • Eastern Desert and Libyan Desert • Both are a part of the Sahara Desert • Oases green areas in the desert fed by underground water.

  5. Egypt’s Economy • Agriculture is main economic activity • Main exports • Cotton • Yarn • Clothing • Resources • Oil • Iron ore • Phosphates a mineral salt used in fertilizer

  6. The Egyptians • AD 641, Arabs from Southwest Asia took control of Egypt • They practiced Islam and most Egyptians became Muslims • 94% of population today are Muslim • 1800s, Egypt was a part of the British Empire • 1952, a group of British officers overthrew the British • Egypt is a republic • President has broad powers, but legislature makes the laws.

  7. The Egyptians • In the 1990s, some Islamic groups opposed the government. • Most people live within 20 miles of the Nile River • Peasant farmers, called fellahin farm small plots that they rent • Bazaars local markets • Service industries

  8. Bellringer for 11/30/12 • Describe the differences in modern Egypt and Ancient Egypt

  9. Libya and the Maghreb Section 2

  10. Libya • The Sahara covers 90% of Libya • No permanent rivers, but aquifers—underground rock layers • Oil was discovered in 1959, that brought great wealth to Libya • 86% live along the Mediterranean coast in Tripoli, the capital and Benghazi • Libya became independent in 1951 • 1969, Muammar al-Qaddhafi set up a dictatorship

  11. Tunisia • Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco form a region known as the Maghreb, meaning “the land farthest west” in Arabic • Farmers and herders • Tunisia was ruled by Phoenicians, several Muslim empires, and France until becoming independent in 1956 • Tunis is the capital

  12. Algeria • The largest country in North Africa • Between the Atlas and Ahaggar Mountains are parts of the Sahara known as ergs, huge areas of shifting sand dunes • Algeria imports 1/3 of its food • Sales oil and natural gas • 1834- 1962 French colony • 1954 Civil War • 1962 Algeria wins independence

  13. Morocco • Strait of Gibraltar 8 miles • Leading producer of phosphates • AD 700s, Arabs and Berbers conquered Spain • Their decedents, called Moors ruled Spain • Today Morocco is a constitutional monarchy • Casablanca is the largest city • Rabat is the capital

  14. Chapter 12 Southwest Asia

  15. Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan Section 1

  16. Turkey • Located on two continents separated by the Bosporus, Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles (Turkish Straits) • Anatolia plateau • Seeking to join European Union • Oil refining • Muslim • Istanbul largest city and located on two continents

  17. Turkey • Ethnic group Kurds • The Kurds in Turkey have sought to join the Kurds in Iraq, Iran, and Syria to form an independent homeland • Istanbul began as a Greek port called Byzantium • Ottomans conquered Constantinople in the 1400s, renamed Istanbul and used as the capital.

  18. Syria • Syria has been a center for trade for centuries • Controlled by one political party and does not have many political freedoms. • Fertile along Mediterranean Sea, but has a vast, dry desert to the east • Agriculture is main economic activity • Main export oil • Bedouins nomadic desert peoples who follow a traditional way of life

  19. Lebanon • About half the size of New Jersey • Once covered by cedar trees • Service industry • Beirut is the capital and largest city • Rebuilding after a civil war that lasted from 1975 to 1991 • Between Muslims and Christians • Economy was almost destroyed • About 70% of Lebanese are Arab Muslims • France ruled Lebanon until 1940s

  20. Jordan • Lacks water and energy resources • Most are Arab Muslims • Once governed by Great Britain • Became independent in 1946. • Constitutional monarchy

  21. Israel and the Palestinian Territories Section 2

  22. Israel’s Land and Climate • Mountains of Galilee in the north • Golan Heights in the east • Dead Sea • 1349 feet below sea level • Shores are the lowest place on earth’s surface • Negev desert to the south

  23. Israel’s Economy • Citrus fruits • 9% of population work on farm settlements • Kibbutz people share all of the property and may also produce goods such as clothing and electronic equipment • Moshav people share in farming, production, and selling, but each perosn is allowed to own some private property as well • Tel Aviv-Yafo largest manufacturing center

  24. Israeli People • 80% are Jewish • Roman Rule • World War II Holocaust • 1948 Jews declared an independent country called Israel

  25. Israeli People • West Bank and Gaza Strip • Under Palestinian control • Very high tensions • Law of Return • All Jews are allowed to return to Israel • Democratic republic

  26. The Arabian Peninsula Section 3

  27. Saudi Arabia • Deserts cover Arabia • Rub’ al Khali or Empty Quarter • No rivers or permanent bodies of water • Wadis dry riverbeds filled by rainwater from rare downpours • Desalinization taking salt out of seawater • Holds a major share of the world’s oil • Part of Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

  28. Saudi Arabia • Caliph leader in Saudi Arabia after Muhammad • 1932, a monarchy led by the Saudi family unified the country • Riyadh is the largest city and capital

  29. Persian Gulf States • Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates are located along the Persian Gulf • Used profits from oil exports to build strong economies • Pearl diving, fishing, and camel herding • High standard of living

  30. Oman and Yemen • Oman mostly desert, but has oil • Yemen is the only country on the Arabian Peninsula that does not have large deposits of oil • Most people are farmers or herders

  31. Iraq, Iran, and Afghanistan Section 4

  32. Iraq • Most farming takes place in between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. • Alluvial plain area that is built up by rich fertile soil left by river floods • Oil is themajor export • Baghdad capital and largest city • 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait and the Persian Gulf War forced Iraqi troops out.

  33. Iraq • After the Persian Gulf War, dictator Saddam Hussein refused to cooperate with the demands of the United Nations • Embargo an order that restricts trade with another country • Early 2000s, the UN sent weapons inspectors to Iraq • Iraq was overthrown in 2003

  34. Iran • Oil-rich nation • Persian ancestry • Speak Farsi • Muslim • Shahs Persian kings • 1979, Iran overthrew the last monarchy • Islamic Republic government run by Muslim religious leaders • Tehran is the capital

  35. Afghanistan • Mountainous and landlocked • 70% of population farm and herd • 20 ethnic groups • Pashtuns and Tajiks • Kabul is the capital • Taliban ruled in 1990s • Overthrown by US led forces in 2001

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