Personality!

1. Personality! Q--Who am I and how did I get here?

2. Personality Assessments! • How do psychologists figure out what kind of personality you have? • Projective Tests • TAT • Rorschach • House-tree-person • Self Report Inventories • MMPI-2 • Myers Briggs

3. Projective Tests • Make a Rorschach Ink blot and then use it to do research on others to see if you can figure out their personality. • Take the House-Tree-Person Test • What type of psychologist would be most likely to use a projective test? • Are these reliable? Are they valid? • Barnum Effect

4. Self Report Inventories • Most psychologists use self reporting inventories to test personality. • Are they reliable? Are they valid? • Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2)—widely used • Myers-Briggs http://www.humanmetrics.com/cgi-win/JTypes2.asp • Take by 2/17!

5. Personality • Personality—the unique abilities, behaviors, and emotions that characterize a person • Describe your personality

6. Psychoanalytic Theory--Personality • Freudian Theory— • Based on the discontinuous psychosexual stages of development • Girls suffer from penis envy and boys suffer from castration anxiety • Boys use the defense mechanism of Identification to emulate a male figure that threatens them. They break away from mom and identify with Dad. • What if their mother is the one who threatens them and emasculates them?

7. Psychoanalytic Theory--Personality • Fixation in one of the psychosexual stages is the key to your personality • If your libido, pscyhic energy, gets stuck in one of the stages then that is where you will continue to pour all your energy and efforts • Your personality is mostly unconscious—you are not aware of what you do and why you do it.

8. Psychoanalytic Theory--Personality

9. Psychoanalytic Theory--Personality • Freud said there are 3 parts to personality— id, ego, and superego • Id—all id at birth— pleasure principle, instincts, and psychic energy dedicated to Eros and Thanatos • Libido directs life instincts to Eros for things such as sex • Thanatosdirects energy to aggression

10. Psychoanalytic Theory--Personality • Ego—The Reality Principle: Negotiate with the ID and the reality of the situation • Ego protects the conscious mind from threatening thoughts—uses defense mechanisms • Repression vs. Suppression—ex. • Denial—ex. • Displacement—ex. • Projection—ex. • Reaction Formation—ex. • Regression—ex. • Rationalization—ex. • Intellectualization—ex. • Sublimation—ex.

11. Psychoanalytic Theory--Personality • Super Ego—begins to develop @ 5 yrs. Kids develop a conscience and begin to think about what is right and wrong—driven by guilt and shoulds

12. Psychoanalytic

13. Criticisms of Freud • Feminists, such as Karen Horney, say there is no such thing as Penis Envy, but if so then men suffer from Womb Envy. • Karen Horney said children suffer from Basic Anxiety if parent is non-responsive and this leads to Basic Hostility • Never directed at parent. • Effects—Moving Toward, Moving Away, Moving Against • Can we mitigated with consistent LOVE!

14. Psychodynamic Theory on Personality • Psychodynamic or Neo-Freudian means: • Carl Jung— • Individuation—individual, unified whole—complete person • Personal Unconscious vs. Collective Unconscious • Personal Unconscious—Complexes—Do you show signs of a Complex? • Collective Unconscious—Passed down—Archetypes • The Shadow • The Persona • Do you self monitor—discuss with a neighbor!

15. Psychodynamic Theory on Personality • Alfred Adler— • Conscious is more important than unconscious • People are motivated by a fear of failure--he called this inferiority • They are also motivated by a desire to achieve—called drive for superiority • Great examples??? • Inferiority Complex can be crippling • Discussed Birth Order significance • Have you neighbor guess your birth order

16. Trait Theorists • Describe people’s personalities by specifying their main characteristics or TRAITS • These characteristics are STABLE • Nomothetic approach—all people can be characterized by similar categories • Eyesenck: Introvert vs. Extrovert and Stable vs. Unstable • What are you? Discuss with your neighbor!

17. X marks your spot!

18. Trait Theorists • Cattell—16 PF (personality factor)-16 basic traits can describe in all people • Big Five— • C—Conscientousness • A—Agreeableness • N—Neuroticism • O—Openness • E—Extraversion

19. Trait Theorists • Factor Analysis—statistical technique to correlate traits into groups so that we have 16 basic traits for most humans • Ex.—What traits go along with neatness? • Idiographic—no way people can be described with the same traits • Need to see people in terms of their individual traits • Stand Up--Do you agree with Nomothetic or Idiographic?

20. Trait Theorists • Allport— • Cardinal Disposition—pivotal role in everything we do • Central Disposition—dominant traits but not as significant as cardinal • Secondary Disposition—lesser seen traits that might only come up in certain situations • Write down examples for your self for each

21. Trait Theorists • Criticisms of Trait Theorists?

22. The Biology of Personality • What is the likelihood of heritability of traits? • Discuss with neighbor • Nature: Much evidence suggests that genes play a role in temperament—which is defined as the emotional style of the person and the way they deal with the world.

23. Biology of Personality • Hippocrates 4 Humors Sanguine or Blood--amorous, happy, generous, optimistic, irresponsible Choleric or Yellow Bile--violent, vengeful, short-tempered, ambitious Melancholic or Black Bile--Introspective, sentimental, gluttonous Phlegmatic or Phlegm--Sluggish, pallid, cowardly • Levels of fluids determine personality • Not found to be reliable or valid—why?

24. Biology of Personality • William Sheldon’s Somatotype Theory • Endomorphs—Fat—friendly and outgoing • Mesomorphs—Muscular—confident and assertive • Ectomorphs—Thin—shy and secretive • Which are you? • Research not replicated • Methodology questioned • Only correlational • Would it be reliable? Valid?

25. Humanistic Theory • Maslow’s Holistic Dynamic Theory • Personality moves toward Self Actualization • Society sometimes pushes us away from self actualization • Self Actualizers are creative, democratic, independent, and are not self focused

26. Humanistic Theory • Carl Rogers Self Theory • Idea of Self—organized, consistent idea about ourselves which develops due to experience • Need for Unconditional Positive Regard • Fully Functioning (Self Actualized) • Accept yourself • Real Self vs. Ideal Self • Incongruence vs. Congruence • Are you happy when you look in the mirror?

27. Behaviorists • How would strict Behaviorists like Skinner and Watson view personality?

28. Social Learning Theories on Personality • Cognitive and Social Cognitive Theorists look at how both thinking and behavior influence personality • George Kelly—Personal Construct Theory • Make sense of our world through constructs • Such as Happy/Unhappy, Energetic/Inactive, Selfish/Generous, etc. • What are some of your personal constructs?

29. Social Learning Theories on Personality • Albert Bandura—We learn through observing • Reciprocal Determinism • Personality is determined by our characteristics, our behavior, and the environment • Ex.—We are fun loving, so our behavior is fun, and we tend to pick environments that our fun, and so people think we are fun which in turn makes us more fun. • Ex.—We are closed off from others, so our behavior is closed, and we tend to choose to be alone, so people think we are offish and therefore don’t approach us—so we think people don’t like us, which then causes us to be more closed off and alone

30. Social Learning Theories on Personality • Bandura— • Collective Self Efficacy--Collectivism • Our group will attain its outcome • Collective Societies--Asia • Self Efficacy--Individualism • Belief that we can perform necessary behaviors and that we are competent • We are confident about our ability in academics, but not in sports, therefore we perform better in school than sports

31. Social Learning Theories • Julian Rotter—Locus of Control • Is life in our hands or is it up to fate? • External Locus of Control—Luck • Internal Locus of Control—You are in charge • Stand up—are you internal or external?

32. Social Learning Theories • Walter Mischel’s—CAPS • Cognitive Affective Personality System • Develop unique Behavioral Signatures • Consistent ways of dealing with people • What is your signature? • Discuss Criticisms of Social Learning Theories