Module 1 Introduction to Human Movement Studies (Kinesiology) 20 Hours

1. Module 1 Introduction to Human Movement Studies (Kinesiology) 20 Hours

2. Module 1 Aims: To provide a basic knowledge of the human body and how it works Objectives: • To identify the basic structures and functions of the human body • To describe the physiology of human performance, including energy metabolism and the physiological responses to exercise • To describe the mechanics of human locomotion

3. Continuous Assessment 2 Written assessments with the following weightings: • Assessment 1 – 40% • Assessment 2 – 60% Each assessment is 30 minute duration with 5 questions

4. Skeletal System

5. Classification of Bones by Shape • LONG BONES: Bones whose length exceeds their width and thickness. • SHORT BONES: Bones with approximately equal length and width. • FLAT BONES: Thin bones that tend to be curved rather than flat. • IRREGULAR BONES: Bones of various shapes that do not fit into the other three categories.

6. Classification of Bones by Shape

7. Functions of the Skeleton • PROTECTION for many of the vital organs e.g. heart, brain, kidneys, spinal cord • SUPPORT for the soft tissue so that erect posture and the form of the body can be maintained. • MOVEMENT: The skeleton forms joints to allow a wide range of movement. All movement is caused by the contraction of muscles acting on the bones.

8. Functions of the Skeleton • BLOOD PRODUCTION: Red blood cells (erythrocytes) and some white blood cells are formed in the marrow cavities of some large bones.  • STORAGE: Bones serve as key storage areas for minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, potassium and sodium.

9. Compact Bone looks like solid bone. Found on outside of most bones and in the shaft of long bones. Cancellous Bone Spongy bone – found at ends of long bones & in irregular, flat and sesamoid. Bone marrow only exists in cancellous bone.

10. The Spine

11. Functions of the Spine • Cervical Vertebrae: Allow movement of the head and bending and twisting of the neck. • Thoracic Vertebrae: Support the rib cage and allow some bendingand rotation of the trunk. • Lumbar Vertebrae: Allow bending and rotation of the trunk. • Sacral Vertebrae: Transmit weight of body to hips and legs.

12. Joints A JOINT is the place of union between two or more bones. Joints are the functional units that permit body movement. Movement occurs when muscles contract, pulling on the bones. There are 3 types of Joint Fibrous Cartilagenous Synovial

13. Fibrous Joints FIBROUS JOINTS:These joints, which are classified as SYNARTHROSES (syn = together, arthro = joint; “an immovable joint”), occur where bones are united by intervening fibrous tissue. Examples include the skull and pelvic bones.

14. Cartilagenous Joints CARTILAGENOUS JOINTS: These joints, which are classified as AMPHIARTHROSES (amphi) on both sides, arthro = joint; “cartilage on both sides of the joint”), occur where bones are united by intervening cartilage, such as in the vertebral column and the pubic bones.

15. Synovial Joints SYNOVIAL JOINTS: These are freely moving joints. They are classified as DIARTHRODIAL (di = apart, arthro = joint; “apart joint”). In terms of human movement, synovial joints are the most important. Synovial joints are defined based upon the movements they allow.

16. Types of Synovial Joints

17. Types of Synovial Joints

18. Types of Synovial Joints

19. Synovial Joints - Knee

20. Components of Synovial Joint • Cartilage • Hyaline Cartilage – at ends of long bones, prevents friction, add cushion. • Fibrocartilage – intervertebral disc, minisci, fills spaces and crevices. • Synovial Fluid • Clear fluid, consistency of egg white • Provides nutrients to joint, removes debris • Synovial Membrane • Contains synovial fluid • Fat Pads • Provide extra cushion where needed

21. Factors Affecting Joint Mobility (ROM) and Stability Range of Motion refers to the range, measured in degrees of a circle through which the bones can be moved. • Structure/shape of the joint/bones • Tension exerted by ligaments • Muscle tension • Disease • Age • Injury

22. Factors AffectingJoint Mobility and Stability Structure/shape of the joint/bones (Hinge, ball & socket, etc) ● How close they fit together. Eg., Head of Femur fits in the depression of the pelvis, allowing rotational movement. ● Contact with other body parts, eg., when you flex your elbow, the biceps is in the way and prevents us fully flexing the arm. Tension exerted by ligaments ● Ligament tension changes depending on position of the joint. Eg., when standing, the ligaments in the hip joint become taut. When ligaments remain taut, the result is lack of ROM at that joint.

23. Factors AffectingJoint Mobility and Stability Muscle tension ● Muscle tension reinforces the tension exerted by ligaments on the joint. In some cases where muscles are overworked, this can have a negative effect on ROM at that joint. Disease (arthritis) ● Effects of arthritis include joint inflammation, worn cartilage and spur growth. All of these effects can hinder ROM at an effected joint.

24. Factors AffectingJoint Mobility and Stability Age ● Soft tissue loses elasticity with aging, negative effect on ROM. ● Reduction in Synovial Fluid and thickening of the Synovial Capsule can have a negative effect on ROM Injury ● Fractures/Sprains. Following a fracture/sprain, when the cast/splint is removed, there will be limited mobility due to lack of flexibility of the ligaments & tendons.

25. Anatomical Directional and Regional Terms of the Human BodyUsed to describe regions of the body in relation to other parts of the body

26. Anatomical, Directional and Regional Terms Anterior (ventral): Towards/on the front of the body eg Pectorals are on anterior aspect/ Posterior (dorsal): Towards/on the back of the body eg Rhomboids are posterior to the Pectorals Superior: Towards the head, upper part or above eg humerous is superior to radius

27. Anatomical, Directional and Regional Terms Inferior: Away from the head, lower part or below eg the tibia is inferior to the femur Medial: Towards or at the midline of the body,inner side eg adductors are medial to the abductors. Lateral: Away from the midline of the body, outer side eg Abductors are on the lateral aspect of leg.

28. Anatomical, Directional and Regional Terms Proximal: Closer to the origin of a point of reference. eg the elbow is proximal to the wrist. Distal: Further from the origin or point of reference eg the foot is distal to the knee. Superficial: External, located near the surface eg Rectus Abdominus are superficial to the Obliques.

29. Anatomical, Directional and Regional Terms Deep: Internal; located further beneath the body surface eg the obliques are deep to the Rectus Abdominus Cervical: Regional term referring to the neck. C 1 - 7 Thoracic: Regional term referring to the portion of body between the neck and the abdomen; T1 – T12

30. Anatomical, Directional and Regional Terms Lumbar: Regional term referring to the portion of the back between the abdomen and the pelvis L1 – L5 Plantar:The sole or bottom of the foot Dorsal: The top surface of the foot and hand Palmer:The anterior or ventral surface of the hands

31. Joint Action / Movements • Flexion • Extension • Lateral Flexion • Rotation • Circumduction • Abduction • Adduction

32. Joint Actions – Flexion/Extension http://classroom.sdmesa.edu/eschmid/Chapter7-Zoo145.htm

35. Joint Actions – Abduction Adduction

37. Joint Actions - Circumduction

38. The Muscular System

39. The Muscular System

40. 3 Types of Muscular Tissue • Cardiac Muscle • Voluntary (Skeletal) Muscle • Involuntary (Smooth) Muscle

41. TYPES OF MUSCLE CARDIAC MUSCLE: forms the walls of the heart is involuntary SMOOTH or VISCERAL MUSCLE: forms the walls of internal organs, for example the stomach, intestines and blood vessels is involuntary

42. TYPES OF MUSCLE SKELETAL MUSCLE: is attached at both ends to bone (usually by a tendon) is voluntary is responsible for human movement

43. SKELETAL MUSCLE • is made up of: • muscle tissue so it can contract • connective tissue to bind it together • nerves so that messages can be sent from the brain and spinal cord • blood vessels to bring oxygen, remove waste products, supply energy and maintain fluid levels

44. Functions of Muscle Tissue • Produce motion (body movements) • Provide stabilisation • Generate heat

45. 4 Characteristics of Muscle Tissue • Excitability: reaction to nerve impulses • Contractibility: ability to contract (shorten and thicken) • Extensibility: ability to stretch or lengthen without damage • Elasticity: ability to return to original length and shape after contraction or extension

46. Structure of Skeletal Muscle

47. Components of Skeletal Muscle • Skeletal muscle: Contractile tissue composed of bundles (fascicles) of muscle fibres. • Epimysium: Outermost layer of connective tissue, Surrounds entire muscle, blends to form tendon • Perimysium: Another layer of connective tissue. Surrounds each fascicle (bundles of muscles fibres. • Endomysium: Layer of connective tissue, surrounds & separates each muscle fibre and electrically insulates it from it’s neighbour.

48. Components of Skeletal Muscle • Myofibril: Threadlike parallel fibres that make up a muscle fibre, they are made up of Myofilaments. • Myofilaments: Within myofibrils are Actin (thin) and Myosin (thick) protein threads. These myofilaments do not extend the length of a muscle fibre, instead they are arranged in sections called a Sarcomere  • Sarcomere: The basic functional unit of muscle contraction. Each muscle group will have many Sarcomeres and it is the combined action of these sarcomeres that cause muscle contraction and therefore movement.

49. Components of Skeletal Muscle • Tendon: Connective tissue (Epimysium) which extends beyond the muscle and becomes a ‘strap’ which Connects to the outermost covering of the bone (periosteum) • Muscle Fibre: is a muscle cell. It is called a muscle fibre due to its long thread like shape.

50. Sliding Filament Theory • In muscle contraction, myosin heads attach to and walk along the actin at both ends of the sarcomere, progressively pulling the thin filaments together until they meet at the middle of the sarcomere. • Shortening of the sarcomere causes shortening of the whole muscle fibre which leads to shortening of the entire muscle. • Crossbridges are formed when myosin heads bind to actin and hold the muscle in a shortened state. (Peak Contraction)