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Blood

Blood. Med Terms. Agglutin - glued Anti - against Bil - Bile Cyte - Cell Erythr- Red Hem - Blood Leuko - White -osis - condition -sta - halt Thromb - clot. Blood. The only fluid tissue in the human body Three to four times more viscous than water Connective tissue

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Blood

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  1. Blood

  2. Med Terms • Agglutin - glued • Anti - against • Bil - Bile • Cyte - Cell • Erythr- Red • Hem - Blood • Leuko - White • -osis - condition • -sta - halt • Thromb - clot

  3. Blood • The only fluid tissue in the human body • Three to four times more viscous than water • Connective tissue • Components of blood • Hematocrit (the living cells) • Plasma (non-living matrix)

  4. Blood • If blood is centrifuged • Erythrocytes sink to the bottom (45% of blood, a percentage known as the hematocrit) • Buffy coat contains leukocytes and platelets (less than 1% of blood) • Buffy coat is a thin, whitish layer between the erythrocytes and plasma • Plasma rises to the top (55% of blood)

  5. Blood Plasma • Composed of approximately 90% water • Includes many dissolved substances • Nutrients • Salts (electrolytes) • Respiratory gases • Hormones • Plasma proteins • Waste products

  6. Blood Figure 10.1 (1 of 2)

  7. Blood Figure 10.1 (2 of 2)

  8. Erythrocytes (red blood cells or RBCs) • Main function is to carry oxygen • Anatomy: • Biconcave disks • Essentially bags of hemoglobin • Shape determines function: • Close access to hemoglobin

  9. Hemoglobin • Iron-containing protein • Binds strongly, but reversibly, to oxygen • Each hemoglobin molecule has four oxygen binding sites • Each erythrocyte has 250 million hemoglobin molecules

  10. Physical Characteristics of Blood • Color range • Oxyhemoglobin blood is scarlet red • Deoxyhemoglobin blood is dull red • In a healthy man, blood volume is about 5–6 liters or about 6 quarts • Blood makes up 8% of body weight

  11. Red Blood Cells • Nucleus when born; No nucleus when mature • Contain very few organelles • Unable to divide or grow, or synthesize proteins

  12. RBC Destruction • When worn out, RBCs are eliminated by phagocytes in the spleen or liver • Can self-destruct when moving through arteries

  13. Life Cycle of a RBC • Formation of RBCs in the bones from absorbed vitamins • Circulation through the body • Enzymes in the liver recognize and destroy worn out RBCs • Heme from hemoglobin becomes biliverdin • Biliverdin + Iron = bilirubin • Bilirubin is excreted in the bile • DCL! • Physiologic jaundice results in infants in which the liver cannot rid the body of hemoglobin breakdown products fast enough

  14. Red Blood Cell Production • Produced in the bone marrow • Wear out in 100 to 120 days • Production rates depend on the amount of oxygen in the kidneys • All blood cells are derived from a common stem cell (hemocytoblast)

  15. Imbalance Stimulus: DecreasedRBC count, decreasedavailability of O2 toblood, or increasedtissue demands for O2 Normal blood oxygen levels Imbalance IncreasedO2- carryingability of blood Reduced O2levels in blood MoreRBCs Kidney releaseserythropoietin Enhancederythropoiesis Erythropoietinstimulates Red bonemarrow Control of Erythrocyte Production Figure 10.5

  16. Dietary Factors • B-complex vitamins • B12 • Folic Acid • Iron Sources • Destroyed RBC parts are recirculated • Diet

  17. RBC Diseases • Sickle cell anemia (SCA) results from abnormally shaped hemoglobin • Anemia is a decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood

  18. Sickle Cell Anemia Figure 10.3

  19. Formed Elements • Erythrocytes • Red blood cells (RBCs) • Leukocytes • White blood cells (WBCs) • Platelets • Cell fragments

  20. Photomicrograph of a Blood Smear Figure 10.2

  21. Leukocytes (white blood cells or WBCs) • Crucial in the body’s defense against disease • All blood cells are derived from a common stem cell (hemocytoblast) • Able to move into and out of blood vessels (diapedesis) • 4,000 to 11,000 WBC per cubic millimeter of blood

  22. Formed Elements • Types of leukocytes • Granulocytes • Granules in their cytoplasm can be stained • Possess lobed nuclei • Include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils • Agranulocytes • Lack visible cytoplasmic granules • Nuclei are spherical, oval, or kidney-shaped • Include lymphocytes and monocytes

  23. Hematopoiesis Figure 10.4

  24. List of the WBCs from most to least abundant Neutrophils Lymphocytes Monocytes Eosinophils Basophils Easy way to remember this list Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas Formed Elements

  25. Leukocytes • Capable of amoeboid movement • Allows WBCs to leave the blood stream and attack foreign substances within the tissues

  26. Formed Elements • Types of granulocytes • Neutrophils • Multilobed nucleus with fine granules • Act as phagocytes at active sites of infection • Eosinophils • Large brick-red cytoplasmic granules • Found in response to allergies and parasitic worms

  27. Formed Elements • Types of granulocytes (continued) • Basophils • Have histamine-containing granules • Initiate inflammation

  28. Formed Elements • Types of agranulocytes • Lymphocytes • Nucleus fills most of the cell • Play an important role in the immune response • Monocytes • Largest of the white blood cells • Function as macrophages • Important in fighting chronic infection

  29. Hematopoiesis Figure 10.4

  30. Formed Elements • Abnormal numbers of leukocytes • Leukocytosis • WBC count above 11,000 leukocytes/mm3 • Generally indicates an infection • Leukopenia • Abnormally low leukocyte level • Commonly caused by certain drugs such as corticosteroids and anticancer agents • Leukemia • Bone marrow becomes cancerous, turns out excess WBC

  31. Formed Elements • Platelets (Thrombocytes) • Derived from ruptured multinucleate cells (megakaryocytes) • Needed for the clotting process • Normal platelet count = 300,000/mm3

  32. Hemostasis • Stoppage of bleeding resulting from a break in a blood vessel • Can exhibit amoeboid movement also to clot damaged tissues

  33. Hemostasis Figure 10.7

  34. Blood Plasma • 92% Water • Contains • Albumins • Globulins • Fibrinogen

  35. Functions of Plasma Proteins • Albumin • Maintains osmotic pressure in the vessels • Globulins • Transport lipids and vitamins • Fibrinogen • Blood coagulation

  36. Other Gases in the Plasma • Oxygen • Carbon Dioxide • Nitrogen

  37. Other Components of Plasma • Glucose • Amino Acids • Fats • Phospholipids • Cholesterol • Triglycerides • Low-density lipoproteins LDLs • High-density lipoproteins HDLs • Urea

  38. Undesirable Clotting • Thrombus • A blood clot • Can be deadly • Embolus • A thrombus that breaks away and floats freely in the bloodstream

  39. Bleeding Disorders • Thrombocytopenia • Platelet deficiency • Hemophilia • Hereditary bleeding disorder • Normal clotting factors are missing

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