President James Madison

1. President James Madison • War of 1812 • War Hawks • Treaty of Ghent • Battle of New Orleans

2. The WAR of 1812 • British and French Rivalries • British blockade or seal French ports to prevent ships from entering • Britain, France seize American ships, confiscate cargoes • Grievances Against Britain • Impressment—seizing Americans, drafting them into British navy • Chesapeakeincident further angers Americans • Jefferson convinces Congress to declare embargo, or ban on exports • Embargo, meant to hurt Europe, also hurts U.S. • Congress lifts the embargo, except with Britain, France

3. Tecumseh’s Confederacy • William Henry Harrisonmakes land deal with Native American chiefs • Shawnee chief Tecumseh tries to form Native American confederacy: • tells people to return to traditional beliefs, practices • Tecumseh negotiates British help; many tribes don’t join

4. The War Hawks • Harrison is hero of Battle of Tippecanoe but suffers heavy losses • War hawks—want war with Britain because natives use British arms

5. In June 1812, Madison sent Congress a special message listing American complaints against Britain. • the message asked Congress to decide the proper courseof action. Congress voted the nation into the War of 1812.

6. For Madison and the War Hawks, the declaration amounted to a second war of independence for the new Republic. • the United States moved quickly to mount an offensive against Canada. The plan was aimed at separating Upper Canada (Ontario) from the Northwest, thus cutting off the Shawnees, Potawatomi, and other pro-British tribes from British support. • Unfortunately, the move ended in disaster for American forces.

7. In the spring of 1813, Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry's won a victory over the British fleet on the southwestern tip of Lake Erie • We attack the Canadian capital city of York (present-day Toronto) and burn their capital building • We send a force commanded by William Henry Harrison against the Native American leader, Tecumseh, at the Battle of the Thames River in western Ontario. Killing Tecumseh

8. Spring of 1812, the British have defeated Napoleon and turn all their attention to the US • British Burn the White House • British burn Washington D.C. in retaliation for York, Canada • British stopped at Fort McHenry (Francis Scott Key pens the “Star Spangled Banner”

9. The Treaty of Ghent • Treaty of Ghent, peace agreement signed Christmas 1814 • Declares armistice or end to fighting; does not resolve all issues

10. The Battle of New Orleans • General Andrew Jackson fights Native Americans, gains national fame • Jackson defeats Native Americans at Battle of Horseshoe Bend • destroys military power of Native Americans in South • In 1815, defeats superior British force at Battle of New Orleans