Child Development Unit 2 Part 2 Birth Defects

1. Child DevelopmentUnit 2 Part 2Birth Defects Pregnancy and Prenatal Development Developed by Jean Ann Sadler, Southside High School

2. Unit 2: Frameworks 2.1 Match terms related to pregnancy and prenatal development 2.2 List early symptoms of pregnancy 2.3 Explain physical changes to the mother during pregnancy 2.4 Name discomforts and complications of pregnancy 2.5 Describe prenatal tests used to determine health of the mother and the fetus 2.6 List STD’s most likely to affect the health of the unborn baby and mother 2.7 Describe the three stages of prenatal development 2.8 Name factors that are harmful to the development of the unborn child 2.9 Describe types of care for the mother and baby’s health 2.10 Name risks due to teen pregnancy 2.11 Discuss costs of teen pregnancies to society 2.12 State plans that need to be made prior to the birth of a baby 2.13 List careers related to pregnancy and prenatal development Extra Unit Unit 2 Part 1 Unit 2 Part 2 Unit 2 Part 3

3. BIRTH DEFECTS

4. Cerebral Palsy Cleft Palate Cystic Fibrosis Down Syndrome Genetic counseling Hydrocephalus Tay-Sachs Muscular Dystrophy Phenylketonuria Sickle-Cell Anemia Spina Bifida Terms to know

5. Birth Defect Definition - an abnormality, present at birth, that affects the structure or function of the body • Strikes more than 120,000 babies in the US each year (1 in 33) • Almost everyone is born with some type of imperfection • Birth defects vary in severity

6. If development does not proceed normally, a miscarriage or stillbirth may occur. • Miscarriage (spontaneous abortion) the natural ending of a pregnancy before the embryo or fetus could possibly survive • Stillbirth - the natural ending of a pregnancy after 20 weeks

7. Kinds of Birth Defects • Malformations present at birth • Structural defects: a body part may be missing, malformed or duplicated • Example: spina bifida, clubfoot

8. Kinds of Birth Defects • Inborn errors of metabolism • Effects body chemistry and may result in mental retardation, cataracts, severe functional disabilities or death • Examples: PKU, cystic fibrosis, tay-sachs, MD

9. Kinds of Birth Defects • Blood diseases • May be due to a reduced or missing blood component or to its inability to do its full share of work • Examples: sickle-cell anemia, hemophilia, thalassemia Bruising caused from an injection in the buttocks

10. Kinds of Birth Defects • Chromosomal abnormalities • Involve specific patterns of multiple structural and organic abnormalities • Examples: down syndrome, turner syndrome

11. Kinds of Birth Defects • Perinatal high risk condition • Includes markedly low birth weight – is usually accompanied by other dangerous problems

12. Causes of Birth Defects • Heredity • Dominant inheritance

13. Causes of Birth Defects • Heredity • Dominant inheritance • Recessive inheritance

14. Causes of Birth Defects • Heredity • Dominant inheritance • Recessive inheritance • X-linked inheritance

15. Causes of Birth Defects • Heredity • Dominant inheritance • Recessive inheritance • X-linked inheritance • Mutations

16. Mutations may be spontaneous or induced by an environmental factor but once they occur, they can be passed on to future generations

17. Causes of Birth Defects • Heredity • Dominant inheritance • Recessive inheritance • X-linked inheritance • Mutations • Chromosomal Abnormalities • Down Syndrome • Turner Syndrome

18. Down Syndrome • An extra chromosome • Most common is Trisomy 21 – third chromosome on the 21st pair human body atlas

19. Turner Syndrome • Females lack an x chromosome and males have an extra one (Klinefelter’s Syndrome) - Symptoms include short stature and lack of ovarian development. Other features, such as webbed neck, arms that turn out slightly at the elbow, and a low hairline in the back of the head are sometimes seen.

20. Causes of Birth Defects • Environment (maternal environment) • Infections • Rubella (deafness, heart defects, blindness, etc) • STD’s Thickening of the lens of the eyes that causes blindness 2.8 Skin lesions from congenital rubella

21. Causes of Birth Defects • Environment (maternal environment) • Infections • Rubella (deafness, heart defects, blindness, etc) • STD’s 2.6, 2.8 congenital syphilis

22. Causes of Birth Defects • Environment (maternal environment) • Infections • Drugs and medicines Thalidomide babies 2.8

23. Causes of Birth Defects • Environment (maternal environment) • Infections • Drugs and medicines • Alcohol – (fetal alcohol syndrome) 2.8

24. Causes of Birth Defects • Environment (maternal environment) • Infections • Drugs and medicines • Alcohol • Smoking Increased risk of low birthweight babies, stillbirths, SIDS, colic, respiratory problems, etc. 2.8

25. Causes of Birth Defects • Environment (maternal environment) • Infections • Drugs and medicines • Alcohol • Smoking • Nutrition 2.8

26. Causes of Birth Defects • Environment (maternal environment) • Infections • Drugs and medicines • Alcohol • Smoking • Nutrition • Caffeine 2.8

27. Causes of Birth Defects • Environment (larger environment) • Radiation (x-rays) 2.8

28. Causes of Birth Defects • Environment (larger environment) • Radiation (x-rays) • Pollutants (chemical waste and pesticides) 2.8

29. Causes of Birth Defects • Heredity and Environment • RH factor 2.8

30. Prenatal Diagnosis • Ultrasound • High frequency sound waves locate the position and note the size and structure of the fetus and placenta in the womb human body atlas 2.5

31. Prenatal Diagnosis • Amniocentesis • Usually performed between 14th and 16th week, a hollow needle is inserted into abdomen to draw out some of the amniotic fluid human body atlas 2.5

32. Prenatal Diagnosis • Chorionic Villi Sampling • Samples of the villi are removed from the chorion (the membrane encasing the fetus) and tested human body atlas 2.5

33. Treatment • Before birth • Medication, transfusions, use of hormones and vitamins

34. Treatment • Corrective surgery (for structural defects) The scar left after surgery will gradually fade with time A cleft lip is a separation of the upper lip that can extend into the nose To repair a cleft lip, the surgeon will first make an incision on each side of the cleft from the lip to the nostr The cleft lip is then drawn together and stitched to create a normal "cupid's bow" shape to the upper lip.

35. Treatment • Corrective surgery (for structural defects) When the roof of the mouth doesn't grow together properly, the condition is called a cleft palate. To repair it, the surgeon will make an incision along both sides of the cleft. Tissue is drawn together from both sides of the cleft to rebuild the roof of the mouth

36. Treatment • Chemical regulation • Drugs, hormones, vitamins, dietary supplements

37. Treatment • Prostheses • Hearing aids, artificial limbs, and other mechanical devices

38. Treatment • Transplants

39. Treatment • Rehabilitative training

40. Prevention • Early and regular prenatal care

41. Prevention • Vaccines

42. Prevention • Genetic counseling • Testing that determines a) if the individuals are carriers b) defines the odds Genetic counseling should be done if: 1) already had a child with a genetic defect 2) have a relative with a genetic defect 3) already had a pregnancy end in miscarriage

44. Prevention • Education • The March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation fights birth defects by funding: • Research • Medical services • Education