Child Development Unit 2 Part 2 Genetics

1. Child DevelopmentUnit 2 Part 2Genetics Pregnancy and Prenatal Development Developed by Jean Ann Sadler, Southside High School

2. Unit 2: Frameworks 2.1 Match terms related to pregnancy and prenatal development 2.2 List early symptoms of pregnancy 2.3 Explain physical changes to the mother during pregnancy 2.4 Name discomforts and complications of pregnancy 2.5 Describe prenatal tests used to determine health of the mother and the fetus 2.6 List STD’s most likely to affect the health of the unborn baby and mother 2.7 Describe the three stages of prenatal development 2.8 Name factors that are harmful to the development of the unborn child 2.9 Describe types of care for the mother and baby’s health 2.10 Name risks due to teen pregnancy 2.11 Discuss costs of teen pregnancies to society 2.12 State plans that need to be made prior to the birth of a baby 2.13 List careers related to pregnancy and prenatal development Extra Unit Unit 2 Part 1 Unit 2 Part 2 Unit 2 Part 3

3. The Genetic Package

4. All humans have 46 chromosomes. All of our DNA is contained in these chromosomes. Forty-four of our chromosomes are formed by a process known as recombination. The genetic information on these chromosomes is a result of the combination of DNA from both parents. In turn the information donated by each parent is the result of a combination of DNA from their parents. These chromosomes contain bits and pieces of DNA from many people in your family tree. The other two chromosomes are called the sex chromosomes. They are called the X chromosome and the Y chromosome because they look like the letters X and Y under a microscope. These chromosomes have one main function: to make a child either a boy or a girl. Women have two X chromosomes and men have an X and a Y.  One of the chromosomes has been passed to you in complete form from one of your parents and the other chromosome comes to you in complete form from the other parent. There is no intermixing of DNA in these chromosomes. 

5. Chromosomes are thread-like particles in the nucleus of every cell

6. Sex Determination

7. Each person inherits many characteristics from his or her parents. Physical build Skin color Hair texture Blood type Eye color and…SEX

8. DOMINANT AND RECESSIVE TRAITS

9. How many of you have…. blue eyes?

10. How many of you have….attached earlobes?

11. How many of you have….a second toe longer than your big toe?

12. All of these are recessive traits… Second toe longer than big toe Attached ear lobe …the weaker gene that will not be expressed unless it is paired with the same recessive gene Blue eyes

13. Dominant traits …refer to the stronger trait that is expressed when two different genes are paired together Brown eyes Dark hair Thick lips Curly hair

14. Eye Color Dominant Recessive Brown eyes grey, green, hazel, blue Grey, green, hazel blue Blue albino (pink)

15. Albinism

16. Vision Dominant Recessive farsightedness normal vision normal vision nearsightedness normal sight night vision normal color vision color blindness

17. Hair Dominant Recessive dark hair blonde, light, red non-red (blonde, brunette) red curly straight full head baldness widow’s peak normal hairline

18. Dominant Recessive Widow’s peak hairline Normal hairline

19. Facial Features Dominant Recessive dimples in cheek no dimples unattached ear lobe attached ear lobes “roman” nose straight nose broad lips thin lips

20. Dominant Recessive Unattached earlobe Attached earlobe

21. Dominant Recessive No Dimples Dimples

22. Appendages Dominant Recessive Extra digits normal number Fused digits normal Short digits normal Fingers lacking one joint normal length Limb dwarfing normal proportion Clubbed thumb normal thumb Double jointed normal joints

23. Dominant Recessive Curved thumb Straight thumb

24. Fused Digits

25. Webbed Digits

26. Short Digits

27. Extra Digits

28. Limb Dwarfing

29. DOUBLE JOINTED

32. Other traits Dominant Recessive Immunity to poison ivy susceptibility to poison ivy

33. Other traits Dominant Normal coloring (pigmented skin) Recessive Albinism

34. Sex-linked Traits • Baldness • Hemophilia • Color Blindness These traits are carried on the X chromosome but most often show up in male children

35. MULTIPLE BIRTHS

36. IDENTICAL TWINS • Come from the same fertilized egg • Twin embryos share the same placenta and genetic material • Identical twins must be the same sex

37. FRATERNAL TWINS • Come from two eggs and two sperm • Each has its own placenta • They may be the same or opposite sex

38. CONJOINED TWINS • Identical twins that are attached to each other • Fertilized egg did not split completely

39. INFERTILITY OPTIONS Human Body Atlas

40. Adoption A couple who cannot have children biologically may choose to adopt

41. Sperm is injected into the woman’s uterus with a special needle during her fertile period – may be from husband or sperm donor Artificial Insemination

42. In Vitro Fertilization The doctor removes mature egg from ovary of woman with damaged fallopian tubes – egg is combined with man’s sperm and if fertilization occurs, the zygote is inserted into the woman’s uterus Human Body Atlas

43. Ovum Transfer Egg from female donor is fertilized by male sperm by in vitro – fertilized egg is then implanted into uterus of infertile woman

44. Surrogate Mother A woman who carries and delivers a baby for another couple – very controversial