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Advancing Battery Technology for Electric Vehicles

Explore the evolution of battery technology for Electric Vehicles from 1990 to 1996 including initiatives like the US Advanced Battery Consortium and the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles. Learn about the advancements in lithium-ion, sodium-sulfur, and other batteries, and the challenges faced in implementing these technologies for electric vehicles. Get insights into the MOA Electric Vehicles and the progress made towards increasing energy efficiency in EVs.

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Advancing Battery Technology for Electric Vehicles

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  1. 1990: Initial Focus- Battery EVs • “The staff anticipates that all ZEVs will be powered by electricity” 8/13/90 Staff Report • Vehicle components • Motors (brushless DC and AC induction) • Controllers (inverter+) • Power electronics • Batteries • Advanced lead-acid • Sodium sulfur • Nickel metal hydride • Lithium ion and polymer • Sodium nickel chloride (“Zebra”)

  2. Initial Focus - Battery EVs

  3. 1991: US Advanced Battery Consortium • Formed in January 1991 • USABC - part of the US Center of Automotive Research (US CAR) • Mission: To pursue research and development of advanced energy systems capable of providing future generations of electric vehicles with significantly increased range and performance. • No funding for advanced lead-acid batteries

  4. 1991: USABC Goals • Establish the technical capability for advanced battery manufacturing in the United States for electric vehicles • Accelerate the market potential of electric vehicles by supporting research and development of the most promising advanced battery alternatives. • Develop electrical energy systems capable of providing electric vehicles with range and performance competitive to gasoline-powered vehicles. (150 miles range at ICE vehicle cost) • Leverage funding for high-risk, high-cost, advanced battery research and development for electric vehicles.

  5. 1993: GM PrEView Program • GM launched the Impact prototype test-drive program (PrEView) • Intended to gather real-world driving and charging data • Available for loan to public in 12 selected cities • 14 utility partners acted as program managers • 500+ drivers • 300,000+ miles accumulated

  6. 1993: Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles • PNGV initiated in September 1993 • Emphasized research and development programs designed to triple fuel efficiency • Goal to culminate in the production of prototype family autos in 2004 • Technologies would be incorporated into more efficient production vehicles about four years later • Restructured to FreedomCar program in January 2002

  7. 1995: ARB Battery Panel Review • Lead-acid available but performance less than needed • Promising advanced battery developments worldwide • Pilot-scale production necessary to prove-out production processes • Best case: commercial introduction of advanced battery vehicles in 2000 or 2001

  8. 1996 ZEV Regulation 10 % ZEVs in 2003

  9. 1996: ZEV Amendments • Early requirements (1998-2002) eliminated • ARB established agreements with large automakers to place technology demonstration fleet (“MOA” Vehicles): • Advanced batteries encouraged • ~ 1,800 vehicles expected • Support activities • Infrastructure • Codes and standards • Emergency response • Battery research & development • ZEV regulation now ~3 pages long

  10. 1996+:MOA EVs • In general, these EVs were very successful in operation- EVs had come a very long way. • Automakers claimed marketability challenges • Design distinctions: • Most of those with reasonable performance made use of advanced batteries, except the Panasonic EV1 • All used 2-4 x the energy per mile as a Panasonic EV1

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