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The Atom

The Atom. What is an Atom?. Atom : Smallest unit of all matter (building blocks) 3 Main Parts: 1) Proton (+) 2) Neutron (0) 3) Electron (-) Protons & Electrons usually equal Elements (substance made of only 1 type of atom) are identified on the Periodic Table.

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The Atom

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  1. The Atom

  2. What is an Atom? • Atom: Smallest unit of all matter (building blocks) • 3 Main Parts: • 1) Proton (+) • 2) Neutron (0) • 3) Electron (-) • Protons & Electrons usually equal • Elements (substance made of only 1 type of atom) are identified on the Periodic Table

  3. Atomic Number= Number of protons (+) determines the type of atom Atomic Mass= Combined protons and neutrons inside the nucleus How many neutrons does Carbon contain? Reading the Periodic Table

  4. What’s the: 4 • Atomic number of Beryllium? B) Atomic mass of Beryllium? C) How many protons? D) How many electrons? E) How many neutrons? 9 4 (the atomic #) 4 (protons & electrons usually equal) 5 (9 protons & neutrons – 4 protons = 5 neutrons)

  5. Electron Cloud • Electrons orbit the nucleus in “energy levels” • 1st level: closest to nucleus (holds 2 electrons) • 2nd level: holds 8 electrons • 3rd level: stable with 8 • Atoms are stable & unreactive when the outermost level is “full” • Is the oxygen atom to the right stable?

  6. Molecules • Molecule: 2 or more atoms held together by a covalent bond • Form when atoms are unstable (outer electron level not full) • Covalent Bond: Chemical bond where atoms share electrons • Ex: Oxygen atom • Only 6 electrons in outer energy level (unstable) • 1 oxygen atom will share two electrons with another oxygen • Therefore, both will have 8 electrons in its outer level (O2 is created)

  7. Ionic Bonds e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e • Ionic bond: chemical bond where electrons are gained/lost • Held together by magnetic attraction • Cause: 1 atom may steal an electron from another • Ion: + or – charged atom • Ex: Sodium + Chlorine = Sodium Chloride e e e e e e e e e e e + -

  8. Na atomic number = 11 Before the bonding Cl atomic number = 17 After the bond 11+ 17+ 11+ 17+ 10- 18- 11- 17- +1 -1 0 0

  9. Quick Review • Atoms become stable when their outer electron level is “full” • Molecules created when 2 or more atoms combine together • Covalent Molecules: share electrons • Ions: lose and gain electrons

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