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Biochemistry

Biochemistry. Biology – Chapter 6 EOC Goal 2:01. Basic Chemistry. Basic Chemistry. Atoms are the basic unit of matter . Made of: Protons Neutrons Electrons. Basic Chemistry. Elements are pure substances that are made of one type of atom .

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Biochemistry

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  1. Biochemistry Biology – Chapter 6 EOC Goal 2:01

  2. Basic Chemistry

  3. Basic Chemistry • Atoms are the basic unit of matter. • Made of: • Protons • Neutrons • Electrons

  4. Basic Chemistry • Elements are pure substances that are made of one type of atom. • Chemical symbols are used to represent each atom. • Found on the Periodic Table

  5. Basic Chemistry • Compounds are combinations of 2 or more atoms. • Combination has different properties than the individual atoms • Chemical formula shows the number and type of atoms in a compound

  6. Basic Chemistry • Compounds are held together with chemicalbonds. • Types of Bonds: • Ionic Bonds • Exchange electrons • Called ions • Covalent Bonds • Share electrons • Called molecules

  7. pH Scale • Acids, Bases, and pH • Acids  make hydrogen ion in water; are bitter to the taste • Examples: lemon juice, vinegar, stomach acid • Bases  make hydroxide ion in water; are slippery to the touch • Examples: soaps, Clorox, Pepto Bismol • pH Scale  scale that measures acid and base • Range 0 Acid 7 Base 14 Abuffer is used to maintain a certain pH level.

  8. Understanding pH

  9. Biochemistry

  10. Biochemistry • Study of the chemicals necessary for living things. • Also called organic chemistry. • Involves the element carbon (C) in a covalent bond

  11. Biochemistry • Six elements needed in large quantities for living things are: • Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur • Elements needed in small quantities are called trace elements.

  12. Biochemistry • Terms to Know: • Monomer – the smallest unit of a substance • Example: like one Lego block • Polymer – many monomers linked together to make a large structure; also called macromolecules • Example: Lego blocks put together to make a Lego house

  13. Bio-Molecules • Types of Organic Molecules • (Bio-molecules) • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic Acids

  14. Carbohydrates

  15. Carbohydrates • Also called sugars and starches • Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio (Example: C6H12O6) • Typically end in –ose (Example: glucose) • Function: to store and release quick energy (but if not used, these are stored as fat) • Test Used To Identify Starch>Iodine • Test Used To Identify Sugar>Benedict’s Solution

  16. Carbohydrates • One unit of sugar (monomer ) monosaccharide • Example: glucose, fructose • Two units of sugar  Disaccharide • Example: sucrose, lactose • Many units of sugars (polymer)  Polysaccharide

  17. Carbohydrates • Examples of Polysaccharides • Starch  sugars in plants • Glycogen  energy storage in animal muscle (makes muscle meat dark) • Cellulose  found in plant cell walls; animals can not digest (roughage) • Chitin  in insect exoskeletons

  18. Lipids

  19. Lipids • Commonly called fats, oils, and waxes • Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a non-specific ratio (Example: C21H17O43) • Function: • Quick energy (twice as much as carbs) • Insulation, body padding Test Used to Identify: Brown Paper Bag

  20. Lipids • Monomer  glycerol and 3 fatty acids

  21. Lipids • Types of Lipids (Fats) • Saturated – bonds in molecule are unbendable; tend to clog arteries; typically from animals (fats, butter, lard) • Unsaturated – some bonds in molecule bend; better, but can still clog arteries; typically from plants (oils) • Polyunsaturated – many bonds in molecule bend; best type of fat to eat; typically from plants (oils)

  22. Proteins

  23. Proteins • Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur • Monomer  amino acids • Polymer  polypeptide • Account for 50% of the dry weight of cells • Test Used To Identify: Biuret’s

  24. Proteins • Functions of Proteins • Structure (cells,tissues…) • Fibers in bone, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage • Homeostasis regulation (hormones and enzymes) • Metabolism • Defense against disease (antibodies)

  25. Enzymes (Catalysts) • Enzymes are special proteins that act as catalysts in the body. • Catalysts: Substances that speed up chemical reactions without being affected by the reaction themselves.

  26. Nucleic Acids

  27. Nucleic Acids • Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur • Function  control genetic information • Monomer  nucleotide • Polymers • DNA  deoxyribonucleic acid • RNA  ribonucleic acid

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