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Objective 6

Objective 6. Show the major regions of the brain and describe their functions. . Regions of the Brain. Cerebral hemispheres Diencephalon Brain stem Cerebellum. Figure 7.12b. Cerebral Hemispheres (Cerebrum). Paired (left and right) superior parts of the brain

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Objective 6

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  1. Objective 6 Show the major regions of the brain and describe their functions.

  2. Regions of the Brain • Cerebral hemispheres • Diencephalon • Brain stem • Cerebellum Figure 7.12b

  3. Cerebral Hemispheres (Cerebrum) • Paired (left and right) superior parts of the brain • Include more than half of the brain mass Figure 7.13a

  4. Cerebral Hemispheres (Cerebrum) • The surface is made of ridges (gyri) and grooves (sulci) Figure 7.13a

  5. Lobes of the Cerebrum • Fissures (deep grooves) divide the cerebrum into lobes • Surface lobes of the cerebrum • Frontal lobe • Parietal lobe • Occipital lobe • Temporal lobe

  6. Lobes of the Cerebrum Figure 7.15a

  7. Specialized Areas of the Cerebrum • Somatic sensory area – receives impulses from the body’s sensory receptors • Primary motor area – sends impulses to skeletal muscles • Broca’s area – involved in our ability to speak

  8. Sensory and Motor Areas of the Cerebral Cortex Figure 7.14

  9. Specialized Functions of the Cerebrum • Cerebral areas involved in special senses • Gustatory area (taste) • Visual area • Auditory area (hearing) • Olfactory area (smell) • Interpretation areas of the cerebrum • Speech/language region • Language comprehension region • General interpretation area

  10. Specialized Areas of the Cerebrum Figure 7.13c

  11. Layers of the Cerebrum • Gray matter • Outer layer • Composed mostly of neuron cell bodies Figure 7.13a

  12. Layers of the Cerebrum • White matter • Fiber tracts inside the gray matter • Example: corpus callosum connects hemispheres Figure 7.13a

  13. Diencephalon • Sits on top of the brain stem • Enclosed by the cerebral hemispheres • Made of three parts • Thalamus • Hypothalamus • Epithalamus

  14. Diencephalon Figure 7.15

  15. Thalamus • The relay station for sensory impulses • Transfers impulses to the correct part of the cortex for localization and interpretation

  16. Hypothalamus • “Under” the thalamus • Important autonomic nervous system center • Helps regulate body temperature • Controls water balance • Regulates metabolism • An important part of the limbic system (emotions)

  17. Brain Stem • Attaches to the spinal cord • Parts of the brain stem • Midbrain • Pons • Medulla oblongata

  18. Brain Stem Figure 7.15a

  19. Midbrain • Has two bulging fiber tracts – cerebral peduncles • Has four rounded protrusions – corpora quadrigemina • Reflex centers for vision and hearing

  20. Pons • The bulging center part of the brain stem • Includes nuclei involved in the control of breathing

  21. Medulla Oblongata • The lowest part of the brain stem • Merges into the spinal cord • Contains control centers for • Heart rate control • Blood pressure regulation • Breathing • Swallowing • Vomiting

  22. Cerebellum • Two hemispheres with convoluted surfaces • Provides involuntary coordination of body movements

  23. Cerebellum Figure 7.15a

  24. “Parts of the Brain”

  25. Objective 7 Describe how meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, and the blood brain barrier protect the Central Nervous System.

  26. Protection of the Central Nervous System • Scalp and skin…..Skull and vertebral column • Meninges Cerebrospinal fluid • Blood brain barrier Figure 7.16a

  27. Meninges • Dura mater • Double-layered external covering • Periosteum – attached to surface of the skull • Meningeal layer – outer covering of the brain • Folds inward in several areas

  28. Meninges • Arachnoid layer • Middle layer • Web-like • Pia mater • Internal layer • Clings to the surface of the brain

  29. Cerebrospinal Fluid • Similar to blood plasma composition • Formed by the choroid plexus • Forms a watery cushion to protect the brain • Circulated in arachnoid space, ventricles, and central canal of the spinal cord

  30. Ventricles and Location of the Cerebrospinal Fluid Figure 7.17a–b

  31. Ventricles and Location of the Cerebrospinal Fluid Figure 7.17c

  32. Blood Brain Barrier • Includes the least permeable capillaries of the body • However many substances (some potentially harmful) can pass through… • Fats and fat soluble molecules • Respiratory gases • Alcohol • Nicotine • Anesthesia

  33. Traumatic Brain Injuries • Concussion • Slight brain injury • No permanent brain damage • Contusion • Nervous tissue destruction occurs • Nervous tissue does not regenerate • Cerebral edema • Swelling from the inflammatory response • May compress and kill brain tissue

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