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Understanding Memory: Models and Theories Explored

Explore multi-store model of memory, encoding, storage, retrieval processes, and brain studies supporting memory theories. Understand different memory types, capacity, and duration. Learn about levels of processing and memory recall. Evaluate reliability of cognitive processes with reference to research studies.

williamrhernandez
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Understanding Memory: Models and Theories Explored

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  1. IB Psychology 11.21.17 Turn in: Nothing Take out: Notes, notes, notes Today’s Learning Objectives: Evaluate two models or theories of one cognitive process. Discuss, with reference to relevant research studies, the extent to which one cognitive process is reliable. Today’s Agenda: Memory HW: NONE

  2. What is your earliest memory? Types of Memory? Procedural: the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. Semantic: “homerow” = asdfjkl; Episodic: Mrs. Karnofski throwing a shoe at me while warming up for typing class…

  3. Multi-Store model of Memory

  4. A visual

  5. The Three Processes of Memory (what has to happen in order for a memory to be formed and remembered) Encoding Retrieval Taking information / stimulus from environment and programming it into our brains. Stimulus is usually visual (iconic) , but it can be sound (echoic/acoustic) and smells etc. It can then be programmed or ‘encoded’ into our brains as iconic or echoic or acoustic encoding Recalling by using ‘cues’ to remember items you have stored. People may do this differently. Storage Once information is encoded it has to be stored until it is required at a later time.The length of time the information is stored is the store’s DURATIONand how much information can be stored is its CAPACITY

  6. Multi-Store Memory Model By Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968) Environment Rehearsal Long Term Memory Coding Coding Sensory Stimuli Sensory Memory Attention Short Term Memory Coding Retrieval Loss via displacement or decay if not rehearsed If not attended to information is lost

  7. DETAIL: Sensory Memory Store: • Temporary storage of information stimulus taken in…. • Visual encoding (iconic) • Auditory encoding (ecohic/acoustic) • Probably others as well (smell – chemical) • Capacity: Very large • Duration: Very short • about 250 ms. for iconic (visual) • 1-2 sec. for acoustic (sound) • Forgetting:Information can be lost (storage failure) because oflack or diversion of attentionremember

  8. Detail: Short Term Memory (STM) • Capacity: Small: 7 plus or minus 2 units or ‘chunks’ (Miller, 1956) Chunk: a meaningful unit Examples: • A group of letters (FBI) • A group of words (Four score and seven years ago) • Let us recreate Miller’s experiments now. • Duration: Short:20-30 seconds without rehearsal (Peterson & Peterson, 1959) • Encoding: mainly echoic/acoustic (by sound) • Forgetting due to displacement and trace decay. (storage failure)

  9. Detail: Long Term Memory (LTM) • Capacity: Potentially Infinite • Duration: A lifetime (decades) • Encoding: Organized by meaning (semantic) • Forgetting: cue dependant retrieval failure and interference unlikely to be much decay • Procedural Memory: habits and motor skills, conditioned or practiced • Declarative Memory: Memory for semantic knowledge (facts) and personal experiences (episodic)

  10. Recency Effect Primacy Effect • First items in a list are remembered better than items in the middle • The last items in a list are remembered better than items in the middle, if tested immediately • This primary-recency or serial position effect is evidence for the MSM model.

  11. Brain Damage Patient Studies H.M. Further supporting evidence for MSM model • H.M. became unable to form new memories after surgical removal of the hippocampus (so no STM) • Still able to acquire procedural information (he learned a mirror writing skill. Can you explain this?) • He was still able to access his original long term memories but not able to form new ones—past 11 years prior to surgery…this changed over time • This is evidence for the multi-store model in that it shows LTM and STM storage areas are in different locations.

  12. Shallow processing Deep processing Structural Phonological Semantic Weak memory trace Strong memory trace Levels of Processing

  13. Shallow processing Deep processing Structural Phonological Semantic Is “Salmon” a color? Levels of Processing“SALMON” Is the word in upper case letters? Does the word rhyme with “fish?”

  14. Activity Who has the best attention? Watch the clip carefully…let’s find out! https://vimeo.com/78932939 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cKaWJ72x1rI

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