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Learning & Maladaptive Behavior

Learning & Maladaptive Behavior. Lesson 15. Maladaptive Behavior. Detrimental to well-being/survival How is it acquired? Normal learning mechanisms Operant (Instrumental) learning overt behaviors Respondent learning CERs physiological responses covert behaviors ~.

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Learning & Maladaptive Behavior

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  1. Learning & Maladaptive Behavior Lesson 15

  2. Maladaptive Behavior • Detrimental to well-being/survival • How is it acquired? • Normal learning mechanisms • Operant (Instrumental) learning • overt behaviors • Respondent learning • CERs • physiological responses • covert behaviors ~

  3. Maladaptive Learning: Respondent • Conditioned Emotional Responses • fear/anxiety • anticipatory pain • Phobias • Depression • Panic Disorder • With agoraphobia • Post-traumatic stress-disorder ~

  4. Conditioned Emotional Responses • Acquired Motivation • Motivates maladaptive behaviors • covert behavior: Fear & Anxiety • Pavlovian • Self-medication • Addictive behaviors • Mood modification • Via behavior or substance use • acquisition by operant ~

  5. Maladaptive Learning: Instrumental • Eating Disorders • Anorexia nervosa; Bulimia • Obesity • Substance abuse & addiction • Abusive relationships • Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder • Learned Helplessness • Related to depression ~

  6. Maladaptive Eating Behaviors • Higher incidence of • depression & anxiety • OCD & substance abuse • women: relationship problems • Maintained via reinforcement • self-medication • Obesity • positive & negative reinforcement • health problems ~

  7. Eating Disorders • Anorexia nervosa • little or no eating • Bulimia • binge & purge • Motivation? • Negative body image  anxiety • lack of control • Control eating  RFT ~

  8. Substance Abuse & Addiction • Abused/Addictive drugs • Positive reinforcers • Negative reinforcers • Aversive aftereffects • Normal reinforcement mechanisms • Same as natural reinforcers • Strengthens drug-taking behavior • Addiction: compulsive use ~

  9. Abusive Relationships • Why do women stay with men who physically abuse them? • Pain as punishment • Honeymoon phase as Pos RFT • Initially • later following abuse • History of punishing behavior • early weak  later severe • habituation ~

  10. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder • Obsessions • Persistent, intrusive thoughts • Produce anxiety • Compulsions • Repetitive behaviors • Reduce anxiety • Acquired & maintained by… • Negative reinforcement ~

  11. Learned Helplessness • Animal model of depression • No contingency b/n behavior & aversive outcomes • Saversive: B  no effect • Global expectancy develops • ineffectiveness of behavior • Failure to respond even when it may be successful ~

  12. Master rat Yoked rat Experimental procedure • Master • response can terminate shock • Yoked • shocked w/ master • no control over shock ~

  13. Give all avoidance training • Transfer all to shuttlebox training • Standard escape / avoidance task • Will they learn to escape? • Master? • Yoked? ~

  14. Master vs Yoked • Difference in escape learning, but • Both shocked • Same number • Same intensity • Same duration • How do they differ? • Control of shock ~

  15. Uncontrollable Aversive Events LearnedHelplessness Conclusions • Yoked rat develops expectation • no response will terminate shock • generalizes to other situations • Global expectancy of ineffectiveness ~

  16. Stress-induced Analgesia • Decrease in pain sensitivity • Occurs in rats in uncontrollable circumstances • Use same rats from learned helplessness • Test for analgesia • Tail Flick Test ~

  17. Results • Master  no analgesia • stress is controllable • Yoked rat  analgesic • stress is uncontrollable • Less sensitive to pain • May stay in contact with painful stimulus longer • Injury more likely ~

  18. Kids & Math Problems • Dweck & Rapucci (1973) • 5th graders given series of math problems • Give easy problems • performance good • Give unsolvable problems • Give easy again • difficulty doing easy problems ~

  19. Adjunctive Behavior • Excessive behavior • Byproduct of intermittent RFT of another behavior • moderate FI schedules • Distractive behaviors: excessive… • TV viewing, talking, hobbies, etc • Deleterious behaviors • Aggression, substance abuse, OCD, eating, hyperactivity, etc. ~

  20. Adjunctive Behavior: Polydypsia • Falk (1961) • Food-deprived rats • Bar press, FI1 min for food RFT • Water available, no deprivation • Response patterns • Expected FI pattern for bar press • Unexpected: excessive drinking ~

  21. Adjunctive Behavior: Polydypsia • Drank up to ½ body wgt in 3 hours • Not being reinforced • Drinking immediately after RFT • Also for • Attack behavior, overeating • And in several species •  SR deprivation   adjunctive behavior • Can act as RFT for other behaviors • Premack Principle ~

  22. Adjunctive Behavior: Conflict • Between • Obtaining valued RFT • And abandoning situation • e.g., work vs family; hi risk jobs • Rate of RFT important • Too rich or lean  No conflict • Rich: stay and respond • Lean: abandon • Moderate  adjunctive behavior • Conflict ~

  23. Adjunctive Behavior: Conflict • Displacement Activity • Irrelevant behavior (e.g.,killing time) • when confronted by conflict • Or thwarted from attaining goal • How could it be adaptive? •  response variation • Remain in situation where valued RFT might occur ~

  24. Case Study: B.S. • 24-year-old male • Moderate mental retardation & BD • Aggression: others, objects, self • Activity Schedule • toileting every hour (FI1 hr) • SIB after toilet • Change of schedule to VI1 hr • almost completely eliminated SIB ~

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