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Effects of Global Contact. Objectives. Explain how European exploration led to the Columbian Exchange. Analyze the commercial revolution. Understand the impact of mercantilism on European and colonial economies. Terms and People.
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Objectives • Explain how European exploration led to the Columbian Exchange. • Analyze the commercial revolution. • Understand the impact of mercantilism on European and colonial economies.
Terms and People • Columbian Exchange – a vast global exchange of goods, people, plants, and animals that began with Columbus and profoundly affected the world • inflation – a rise in prices that is linked to a sharp increase in the amount of money available • price revolution – the period in European history during the 1500s when inflation rose rapidly • capitalism– an economic system in which most businesses are owned privately
entrepreneur– a person who takes on financial risks to make profits mercantilism – an economic policy in which it was believed that a nation must export more goods than it imports to build its supply of gold and silver tariff – a tax on imported goods Terms and People(continued)
How did the voyages of European explorers lead to new economic systems in Europe and its colonies? Voyages of exploration in the 1500s and 1600s led to a period of European domination of the globe. The exchange of people, goods, plants, and animals that came after these voyages changed the lives of those in Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas.
The Columbian Exchange of people, food, goods, and animals profoundly affected the world. In the wake of explorers, traders took new foods, such as tomatoes, peppers, and corn, from America back to Europe. They also brought plants and animals, such as horses and chickens, from Europe to the Americas.
Notice the origins of the different items. Which 5 do you think had the most significant impact?
Mrs. Meyers’ Top 5: • Horses: Allowed for faster transportation, a huge advantage for the Europeans-made conquest easier • Potatoes: Became a staple (basic element) of diets worldwide and allowed for significant population increases • Corn: Same as potatoes • Disease: Scholars estimate that almost 95% of Native American populations were wiped out from European diseases • Sugar: Perhaps the most significant item of them all… Where did 3 out of these 5 items originate?
Some new foods terrified Europeans • People thought the tomatoes were poisonous. • People believed that potatoes caused leprosy. • Even starving peasants were afraid to eat potatoes.
Corn and potatoes • Had the highest effect in the Old World. • Both crops are inexpensive to grow and highly nutritious. • This improved the lives of many peasants and boosted the world’s population. • The planting of the white potato in Ireland and the first sweet potato in China changed their countries’ histories.
One of the key causes was the spread of new food crops from the Americas. • However, Native American populations declined severely due to European diseases. The global population started to explode by 1700. Millions of people migrated at this time. Europeans spread out in the Americas. Africans were forced to the Americas by the slave trade.
Diseases brought to New World Smallpox Influenza Typhus Measles Malaria Diphtheria Whooping Cough
Economic Impact • New wealth from the America’s prompts the creation of a new economic model in Europe • This was called the Commercial Revolution • Capitalism grew. No longer did governments the sole owners of great wealth. • Mercantilism was adopted as an economic model. This meant that a country’s power depended on its wealth.
A commercial revolution occurred as a result of direct links between the continents. • Prices began to rise in Europe due to the huge amount of silver and gold coming in from the Americas. This led to inflation. • This time period was known as the price revolution and led to the growth ofcapitalism, in which most businesses are owned privately.
Increased money supply The increased money supply caused prices to rise. Spain experienced crushing inflation in the 1600s due to boatloads of gold and silver from the Americas greatly increased the nation’s money supply.
Entrepreneurs looked overseas for opportunities to make profits. • Investors formed joint stock companies to pool funds and lessen individual risk. • Capitalists adopted bookkeeping methods from the Arabs. • Banks became more important. . Capitalists sought to make money through investment, rather than through land or labor.
Merchants began to bypass medieval guilds. • A merchant capitalist distributed raw material such as wool to peasant cottages. • Peasants processed it into cloth. Then, the merchant sold the finished product for a profit. • This system, known by the term “cottage industry,” separated capital and labor for the first time.
The goal of this policy was to build the nation’s gold and silver reserves by exporting more goods than it imported. • To do this, European nations had strict laws governing trade with their colonies and imposed tariffs. European monarchs adopted a new economic policy called mercantilism. As a result of these measures, national governments had a lot of control over their economies.
The majority of Europeans were peasants unaffected by these economic changes. However, new middle-class families had a comfortable life. The price revolution helped enrich merchants and skilled workers but hurt nobles, whose wealth was tied to the land.
Favorable balance of trade Means for countries to sell more goods than it buys. A nation’s goal under mercantilism was to become self-sufficient and not have to depend on other countries for goods. Colonies provided raw materials to home countries. Home countries sold the goods back to the colonists, sometimes at a higher price.
