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F.C.E.USE OF ENGLISH: THE PASSIVE AND THE CAUSATIVE

F.C.E.USE OF ENGLISH: THE PASSIVE AND THE CAUSATIVE. USE OF ENGLISH: THE PASSIVE AND THE CAUSATIVE. 1.GENERAL PASSIVE VOICE: structure. Active sentence: THE POLICE CAUGHT THE THIEVES. PASSIVE VERB: BE + PAST PARTICIPLE. THE POLICE SUBJECT. CAUGHT ACTIVE VERB. THE THIEVES

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F.C.E.USE OF ENGLISH: THE PASSIVE AND THE CAUSATIVE

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  1. F.C.E.USE OF ENGLISH: THE PASSIVE AND THE CAUSATIVE

  2. USE OF ENGLISH: THE PASSIVE AND THE CAUSATIVE

  3. 1.GENERAL PASSIVE VOICE: structure Active sentence: THE POLICE CAUGHT THE THIEVES PASSIVE VERB: BE + PAST PARTICIPLE THE POLICE SUBJECT CAUGHT ACTIVE VERB THE THIEVES DIRECT COMPLEMENT THE THIEVES NEW SUBJECT WERE CAUGHT PASSIVE VERB (BE in the same tense as the active form) BY THE POLICE AGENT

  4. PASSIVE VOICE: DIRECT AND INDIRECT OBJECTS • USE: the PASSIVE is used when the speaker wants to attatch more importance to the OBJECT than to the SUBJECT. 2. VERBS with two objects: read these sentences A friend lent methis book / a friend lent a bookto me Me is the INDIRECT OBJECT A BOOKis the DIRECT OBJECT In the PASSIVE, the DIRECT OBJECT or the INDIRECT OBJECT can be used as the subject of the sentence. • I was lent a book by a friend • A book was lent to me by a friend.

  5. 2. IMPERSONAL PASSIVE : RECEIVED INFORMATION Whentalkingaboutinformationthat has beenreceived, butwedon’tknowwhoprovidedtheinformationorthepersonwhoprovidedisnotimportant, weoften use thefollowingverbs: SAID, REPORTED, BELIEVED, THOUGHT, KNOWN, UNDERSTOOD Usingthefollowingpatterns: SENTENCE: Somepeoplesaythatthisis a dangerousarea. PASSIVE: Itissaidthatthisis a dangerousarea. 1.IT + IS/WAS/HAS BEEN+ SAID //THAT CLAUSE + subject + active verb Passive sentence Subordinate sentence

  6. PASSIVE VOICE: RECEIVED INFORMATION (IMPERSONAL PASSIVE 2) II. SENTENCE: Thepoliceknow (that) themanisusing a false name PASSIVE: Themanisknowntobeusing a false name PASSIVE: steps: • Findthesubject of the SUBORDINATE SENTENCE Theman • Transformthe MAIN VERB into PASSIVE Isknow • Write in INFINITIVE WITH TO theverb of the SUBORDINATE SENTENCE: Tobeusing

  7. PASSIVE VOICE: RECEIVED INFORMATION (IMPERSONAL PASSIVE 2) III. SENTENCE: Shewastiredthatherbrotherannoyedher. PASSIVE: ShewastiredTO BE ANNOYED byherbrother. PASSIVE: In this case, whenexpressingfeelings, wetransformintopassivethe THAT CLAUSE usingthe INFINITIVE WITH to (PRESENT OR PAST INFINITIVE) Practice: Theplayerswerethattheirrivals won the match playingunfairly. TO Theplayersweresad ……………………………………

  8. SUPPOSITIONS We use thepattern: 1. SUBJECT of the SUBORDINATE CLAUSE+ 2. be supposedin thesame tense as the SUBORDINATE CLAUSE (see correspondence below) + 3. TO+INFINITIVE In this same tense. Totalkaboutwhatpeoplesayoryouhaveheardaboutsth. E.g. :I’veheard that theyare movinghousesoon. MAIN CLAUSE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE PASSIVE: They are supposed TO BE MOVING house soon TENSES CORRESPONDENCE : PRESENT-/FUTURE-----------------------PRESENT INFINITIVE (TO MOVE) PRESENT CONTINUOUS--------------------INFINITIVE CONTINUOUS (TO BE MOVING) PAST(SIMPLE OR PERFECT)-------------------PERFECT INFINITIVE (TO HAVE MOVED) I’ve heard that SHE GOT DIVORCED last year. She was supossed to HAVE DIVORCED last year.

  9. SUPPOSITIONS PRACTICE: 1. I’veheardthatJamesisanexpertonthissubject. (present) JamesissupposedTO BE anexpertonthissubject. 2. I’vebeentoldthatAliceisleavingthe country nextweek (presentcontinuous) Alice issupposedTO BE LEAVING the country nextweek. 3. I’veheardthatTomwillbethenext principal of theschool. (future) TomissupposedTO BE thenext principal of theschool. 4. Peoplehavetold me thatitwasa fantasticparty (past) ItwassupposedtoHAVE BEEN a fantasticparty.

  10. 3. THE CAUSATIVE: HAVE/GET STH DONE Readtheseexample Thehairdressercuts my haireverymonth. Who’sthesubject? Thehairdresser Whodoestheaction? Thehairdresser. Englishdifferentiateswhentheactionis done byoneself and whenis done byanotherperson: Observe; • My mumcutsherhaireverymonth. • Thehairdressercuts my mum’shaireverymonth • My mum has herhaircuteverymonthbythehairdresser Whenthe actor isanotherperson, Englsih uses thetwolaststructures, being 3 theCAUSATIVE: TO HAVE STH DONE

  11. CAUSATIVE: HAVE/GET STH DONE Readtheseexamples: 1. I’M GOING TO HAVE/ GET MY HAIR CUT TOMORROW Who’sthesubject? I Whodoestheaction? Thehairdresser. 2. SHE HAD HER BAG STOLEN LAST WEEK 3. HE HAD HIS LEG BROKEN IN THE ACCIDENT Who’sthesubject? She Whodoestheaction? Thethieves Whatkind of actionhappened, pleasantorunpleasant? Somethingunpleasant 4. I MUST GET THIS JOB DONE TODAY Itisimportanttofinishtheactionor I can leaveituntillater? Itisimportanttofinishtheactionwithoutdelay.

  12. CAUSATIVE: HAVE/GET STH DONE Whenwewantto stress that • someonedoesanactionforus, • somethingunpleasant has happenedor • wehavetofinishsomething, we use thecausative HAVE/GET sth DONE. PRACTICE: use theverbs at theend of thesentencetoformthe CAUSATIVE • Workerscollectrubish once a week. COLLECT We…………………………………………………………………………………………. 2. Anengineerrepaired my computeryesterday. REPAIR I………………………………………………………………………… 3. My new passportwill expire soon. RENEW I…………………………………………………………………………….. HAVE OUR RUBISH COLLECTED ONCE A WEEK HAD/GOT MY COMPUTER REPAIRED YESTERDAY BY AN ENGINEER WILL HAVE TO GET IT RENEWED

  13. USE OF ENGLISH, PART 4 PASSIVES AND CAUSATIVE practice

  14. USE OF ENGLISH, PART 4.PASSIVES AND CAUSATIVE • Our dog loves it whrn you take him for a walk. • TAKEN • Our dog ………………………….…………………………………………….for a walk • 2. I was thrilled that they chose me to play the part. • TO • I was thilled …………………………………………………………………play the part • 3. People knew she was an expert. • KNOWN • She………………………………………………………………………an expert. LOVES TO BE TAKEN TO HAVE BEEN CHOSEN WAS KNOWN TO HAVE BEEN

  15. USE OF ENGLISH, PART 4.PASSIVES AND CAUSATIVE 3. People say that the castle is over eight hundred years old. SAID The castle….………………………….…………….over eight hundred years old. 4. My friend gets a manicurist to paint her nails for her. HAS My friend………………………………………………………………………by a manicurist. 5. Our house needed painting urgently last year. MUST We…………………………………………………………………………painted last year. IS SAID TO BE HAS HER NAILS PAINTED MUST HAVE HAD/GOT OUR HOUSE

  16. They will finish the new block of flats next year. FINISHED  The new block of flats………………………………………………..,..…next year. 2. Thieves broke into the Smith’s house while they were sleeping. BROKEN The Smith’s house……………………………………………………..while they were sleeping. 3. The garage is repairing their car at the moment. REPAIRED Their car ……………………………………………………….at the moment. PASSIVE AND CAUSATIVEWRITING PART 4-SENTENCE TRANSFORMATIONHANDOUT, EX. 1 WILL BE FINISHED WAS BROKEN INTO IS BEING REPAIRED

  17. PASSIVE AND CAUSATIVEWRITING PART 5-SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION WAS STARTED HAVE BEEN TAKEN WERE BROKEN BY HAVE BEEN CAUGHT BY 4. A group of students started a campaign for cleaner air. STARTED A new campaign for cleaner air………………………………………………. 5. Someone has taken the keys from the table. BEEN The keys ………………………………………………………..from the table. 6. My mother broke my glasses while she was cleaning the house. BROKEN My glasses ………………………………………………………my mother while she was cleaning 7. The police have caught the robbers of the shop. BEEN The robbers…………………………………………………..the police

  18. THE CAUSATIVEmore practice I HAVE/GET MY RESTAURANT CLEANED everyday MY FATHER HAS JUST HAD HIS CAR REPAIRED TOM IS HAVING/GETTING HIS SHOES MENDED tomorrow Rewrite the sentences using the causative form. Subject+ HAVE+ object+ PastParticiple 1. They clean my restaurant everyday. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. My father has just repaired his car. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. Tom is mending his shoes tomorrow ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

  19. THE CAUSATIVEmore practice MY NEIGHBOUR IS GOING TO HAVE THE FENCE PAINTED….. I HAD A CAKE MADE for my brother’s birthday MY FATHER NEVER HAS HIS EYESIGHT CHECKED 4. My neighbour is going to paint the fence of his house green …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 5. I made a cake for my brother’s birthday. …………………………………………………………………………………………..… 6. My father never checks his eyesight. ……………………………………………………………………………………………..

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