An Exploration of Parenting Styles ’ Impact on the Development of Values

1. An Exploration of Parenting Styles’ Impact on the Development of Values Kristi A. Mannon, M.S., Rawya M. Al-Jabari, M.S., Amy R. Murrell, Ph.D., Erin K.M. Hogan,  B.S., & Teresa C. Hulsey, B.A.

2. Emerging Adulthood • Emerging adulthood is a unique developmental stage • Emerging adults have a unique opportunity to form their identity and develop a value system (Hauser & Greene, 1991)

3. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy & Values • Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is a treatment model that specifically addresses values

4. Family Value Transmission Model • Relatedness/closeness is key to the internalizing values from one’s environment (Niemiec et al., 2006; Ryan & Deci, 2000)  • Parenting style is thought to impact value transmission (Grusec, Goodnow, and Kuczynski, 2000)

5. Parenting Styles • Various theories exist in regards to the best parenting styles and the way those styles are defined

6. Purpose of Current Study • Is parenting style related to the degree to which values are freely chosen (i.e., intrinsic) versus based on external circumstances (i.e., extrinsic)? • Examine: relationships between parenting styles, parent-child relationship, and values transmission

7. Hypothesis 1 1. Parenting styles and quality of parent-child relationship would be correlated • 1a: Authoritative parenting style would be positively correlated with quality of parent-child relationship • 1b: Authoritarian parenting style would be negatively correlated with quality of parent-child relationship

8. Hypothesis 2 2. Parenting style would be correlated with the degree to which values are freely chosen • 2a: Authoritative parenting style would be positively correlated with the degree to which values are freely chosen • 2b: Authoritarian parenting style would be negatively correlated with the degree to which values are freely chosen

9. Hypothesis 3 3. Quality of parent-child relationship would be positively correlated with degree to which values are freely chosen

10. Hypothesis 4 • 4. Parenting style would impact the relationship between quality of parent-child relationship and the degree to which values are freely chosen

11. Hypothesized Path Model

12. Participants • 454 undergraduate from UNT volunteered for Sona • Inclusion into the study included: • (a) English-speaking • (b) between the ages of 18 and 25 years old • Mean age of 19.86 (SD = 1.7)

13. Participants

14. Measures • Demographics Questionnaire • Personal Values Questionnaire (PVQ) • Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ) • Quality of Relationships Inventory (QRI)

15. Primary Analysis • Correlation matrix • Regression models • Analysis of path models and fit

16. Hypothesis 1: Supported Female Caregivers • Parenting styles and quality of parent-child relationship were correlated

17. Hypothesis 2: Supported Female Caregivers • Parenting styles were correlated with degree of intrinsic and extrinsic values, or the degree to which values are freely chosen

18. Hypothesis 3: Supported Female Caregivers • The quality of parent-child relationship was positively correlated with degree the degree to which values are freely chosen

19. Hypothesis 4: Supported Female Caregivers • Parenting styles impacted the relationship between quality of parent-child relationship and the degree to which values are freely chosen

20. Hypothesis 4: Supported Female Caregivers

21. Female Caregivers Model Fit

22. Hypothesis 1: Supported Male Caregivers • Parenting styles and quality of parent-child relationship were correlated

23. Hypothesis 2: Not Supported Male Caregivers • Parenting styles were not significantly correlated with degree of intrinsic and extrinsic values, or the degree to which values are freely chosen

24. Hypothesis 3: Not Supported Male Caregivers • The quality of parent-child relationship was not significantly positively correlated with degree to which values are freely chosen

25. Hypothesis 4: Not Supported Male Caregivers • Parenting style did not significantly impact the relationship between quality of parent-child relationship and the degree to which values are freely chosen

26. Hypothesis 4: Not Supported Male Caregivers

27. Male Caregivers Model Fit

28. Discussion • Female Caregivers • Parents impact value transmission through parenting style • Authoritative parents => children who have more freely chosen or intrinsic values • Perhaps the parent-child relationship is important in the degree to which values are freely chosen

29. Discussion • Male Caregivers • Parenting styles impacts quality of parent-child relationship • Authoritarian nor Authoritative parenting styles were significantly correlated with the degree to which values are freely chosen • Trending… • Parent-child relationship not correlated with degree values are freely chosen • In the right direction…

30. Limitations • Research design • Measurement • Generalizability • Method of data collection

31. Clinical Implications • Importance of values: • High valuing is negatively correlated with various symptoms of psychopathology (Adcock, Murrell, & Woods, 2007; Plumb et al. 2007; VanDyke, Rogers, & Wilson, 2006; Taravella, 2010; McCracken & Yang, 2006) • Levels of distress: • Inverse relationship between acceptance and valuing behavior and psychological distress • College student mental health issues have been on the rise (Hunt & Eisenberg, 2010) • Examining values better understanding and aid in treatment and intervention

32. Thank you! Rawya Al-Jabari, MS University of North Texas RawyaAl-Jabari@my.unt.edu Kristi Mannon, MS University of North Texas KristiMannon@my.unt.edu