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European Exploration

European Exploration. Ch 19.1. What exploration had already occurred?. Europeans explored during the Crusades beginning in 1100. Marco Polo reached Kublai Khan and the Chinese empire in 1275. Money! Money! Money!. The main reason for new exploration was to seek for new sources of wealth.

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European Exploration

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  1. European Exploration Ch 19.1

  2. What exploration had already occurred? • Europeans explored during the Crusades beginning in 1100. • Marco Polo reached Kublai Khan and the Chinese empire in 1275.

  3. Money! Money! Money! • The main reason for new exploration was to seek for new sources of wealth. • Merchants and traders hoped to benefit from the trade of spices and other luxury goods from Asia.

  4. Show me the money!

  5. High Demand for Spices • Europeans became introduced to certain items during the Crusades. • After the crusades, Europeans still demanded these items. • Nutmeg, ginger, cinnamon, and pepper • All of these added flavor to the bland foods of Europe. • Because the supply of spices was low, merchants could demand higher prices.

  6. Muslims and Italians control trade • Muslims sold Asian goods to the Italian merchants. • Italian merchants sold the items at increased prices throughout Europe.

  7. Everyone wants a piece of the action! • European merchants (England, Spain, Portugal, and France) wanted to trade directly with Asia and bypass the Italian merchants. • This meant finding a direct sea route to Asia.

  8. Christianity • The desire to spread Christianity also fueled European exploration. • The Crusades left bad relations between the Christians and Muslims. • Christians wanted to continue to convert non-Christians throughout the world.

  9. “To serve God and His Majesty, to give light to those who were in darkness and to grow rich as all men desire to do.” Bartolomeu Dias – Portuguese Explorer

  10. The motto behind European Exploration became: GOLD GOD Glory

  11. The Caravel • A new ship that made sea exploration possible • Sturdier than previous ships • It had triangular sails, which made it possible to sail against the wind. • It was extremely maneuverable.

  12. Caravel

  13. Navigational Improvements also encouraged sea exploration • Two major advances helped sailors improve navigation methods. • Astrolabe • Magnetic compass

  14. Astrolabe • The astrolabe was a brass circle with carefully adjusted rings marked off in degrees, which was perfected by the Muslims. • Using the rings to sight the stars, a sea captain could tell how far north or south of the equator he was.

  15. Magnetic Compass • Explorers were also able to more accurately track their direction by using a magnetic compass invented by the Chinese

  16. Astrolabe Compass

  17. Prince Henry the Navigator • Prince of Portugal • Wanted to discover sources of wealth and spread Christianity. • Founded a navigation school. • Map makers, instrument makers, ship builders, scientists, and sea captains gathered there to perfect their trade.

  18. Prince Henry

  19. Portugal

  20. Portugal leads the way • Soon the Portuguese established trading posts all along the coast of Africa. • They traded gold and ivory. • Eventually, they traded for African slaves. • After establishing themselves in Africa, they wanted to find a sea route to Asia.

  21. 11th century Ivory Elephant Tusk found in Italy

  22. The Portuguese believed they would have to sail around the southern tip of Africa to get to India.

  23. In 1488, Captain Bartolomeu Dias ventured further down the coast of Africa until he reached the tip. As he arrived, a huge storm rose and battered his fleet for days. Bartolomeu Dias

  24. Bartolomeu Diaz • When the storm ended, Dias realized his ships had been blown around the tip to the other side of the continent. • Realizing supplies were low, he returned home. • He was the first European to have sailed around the tip of Southern Africa.

  25. Dias’s Voyage

  26. Vasco da Gama • With the southern tip of Africa finally rounded, the Portuguese continued pushing east. • In 1498, the Portuguese explorer, Vasco da Gama reached the port of Calicut, on the southwestern coast of India. • They were amazed with the spices, rare silks, and precious gems.

  27. The Portuguese sailors filled their ships with pepper and cinnamon and returned to Portugal in 1499. • Vasco da Gama was given a hero’s welcome. • His remarkable voyage of 27,000 miles had given Portugal a direct sea route to India.

  28. Vasco da Gama

  29. Da Gama’s Voyage

  30. SPAIN IS JEALOUS! • Spain watched with envy as Portugal increased in wealth. • The Spanish monarchs also wanted to find a direct sea route to the treasures of Asia.

  31. SPAIN

  32. 1492 • Spain just kicked the Moors out of Spain in the ‘Reconquista’ • Also that same year, Christopher Columbus convinced Spain to finance finding a route to Asia by sailing West across the Atlantic Ocean.

  33. Columbus

  34. Impact • In October of 1492, Columbus reached the shores of an island in the Caribbean. • His voyage opened the way for European colonization of the American continents – a process that would forever change the world. • The immediate effect increased tensions between Spain and Portugal.

  35. Rivalry grows intense • Columbus believed that he had reached Asia. • Believing him to be right, Portugal suspected that Columbus had claimed lands that Portuguese sailors might have reached first.

  36. Line of Demarcation • In 1493, Pope Alexander VI tried to keep the peace between the two nations. • He suggested an imaginary dividing line, drawn north to south, through the Atlantic Ocean. • All lands west of the line would belong to Spain. • All land east of the line would belong to Portugal. • This became known as the line of Demarcation.

  37. Pope Alexander VI

  38. Treaty of Tordesillas • Portugal complained that the line gave too much to Spain. • It was moved farther west to include parts of modern-day Brazil for the Portuguese. • In 1494, Spain and Portugal signed the Treaty of Tordesillas, in which they agreed to honor the line.

  39. Line of Demarcation Treaty of Tordesillas

  40. Portugal’s Trading Empire • Built trading empire through the Indian ocean • Took control of the spice trade from the Muslim merchants • In 1509, Portugal defeated a Muslim fleet off the coast of India.

  41. The following year, the Portuguese captured Goa, a city on India’s west coast. • They made it the capital of their trading empire. • Then they sailed farther east to Indonesia, also known as the East Indies.

  42. Indonesia

  43. In 1511, a Portuguese fleet attacked the city of Malacca on the west coast of the Malay Peninsula. • In capturing the town, Portuguese seized control of the Strait of Malacca. • Seizing this waterway gave them control of the Moluccas. • These were islands so rich in spices that they later became known as the Spice Islands.

  44. Close up view

  45. Portuguese merchants brought back goods from Asia at about 1/5 of the price of what they paid Italian and Muslim merchants. • Portugal’s success attracted the attention of other European nations.

  46. In 1521, Ferdinand Magellan arrived in the Philippines. Spain claimed the islands and began settling them in 1565. Ferdinand Magellan

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