Levelling: Sources of Error

2. Correct reading Actual reading Levelling: Sources of Error Errors in the Equipment Collimation Error - Line of sight not horizontal

3. Levelling: Sources of Error Errors in the Equipment Collimation Error - Line of sight not horizontal Size of error depends on sight length Correct reading Actual reading

4. Levelling: Sources of Error Errors in the Equipment Collimation Error - Line of sight not horizontal Keep sight lengths from each instrument position the same Check collimation error using Two-Peg Test (see later) Check prism is not stuck (every reading) Parallax Focus eyepiece on cross-hairs, then focus telescope on staff

5. Levelling: Sources of Error Errors in the Equipment Staff Errors Zero error - base may be worn - doesn’t matter as long as same staff is always used May not be extended properly Tripod Errors Must be stable

6. Levelling: Sources of Error Field Errors Staff not vertical Use pond bubble on staff Rock staff and take minimum reading Unstable equipment Watch out for soft ground under tripod or staff Don’t touch (or kick!) tripod

7. Levelling: Sources of Error Reading and Booking Errors Keep sightings short to estimate mm on staff accurately Double check all readings Write clearly Carry out calculation checks Weather Wind causes level to vibrate, heat causes ‘shimmer’