Scenario, Injects and Data

1. IAEA Training in Emergency Preparedness and Response Scenario, Injects and Data Module L-054 Lecture

2. Objectives • Know the overall process for the development of an exercise scenario. • Understand the difference between injects and data • Know what data is required to run an exercise • Understand the need for scenario security L-054: Scenario, Injects and Data

3. Process Overview Review procedures Objectives Basic scenario Validate Detailed scenario, injects and data L-054: Scenario, Injects and Data

4. Objectives and Scenario • The scenario is based on the objectives! • The scenario MUST allow all the selected objectives to be met L-054: Scenario, Injects and Data

5. Exercise Objectives • Choice of objectives: • Select compatible objectives • Don’t be too ambitious • Don’t try to do everything in one exercise • But do try to cover all objectives over a five-year program L-054: Scenario, Injects and Data

6. Review Procedures • To understand expected actions by participants • To understand what information and data needs to be injected, and when • Rule 1: Use existing procedures • When is it allowed to break Rule 1? L-054: Scenario, Injects and Data

7. Review Procedures (Cont’d) • When is it allowed to break Rule 1? • When testing a new plan and new procedures... L-054: Scenario, Injects and Data

8. Develop the Basic Scenario • It is like writing a story! • Like a good story • The plot must be believable • The story must be captivating... • From beginning to end! L-054: Scenario, Injects and Data

9. A Believable Story! • Events must be physically possible • As much as possible, they must be credible • They may be highly improbable but even improbable things happen! • Random failures should be on somewhat related systems (causal relationship) • External events are a nice way to initiate an emergency (fire, earthquake, storm) L-054: Scenario, Injects and Data

10. A Captivating Story! • Don’t bunch events • Don’t overwhelm staff • Don’t try things that have a fair chance of ruining the exercise • Most beautiful exercise is one where initiating event is simple and is allowed to run its course naturally L-054: Scenario, Injects and Data

11. A Story That Unfolds by Itself • The scenario should allow as much free-play as possible • How much controller intervention is required to drive the scenario? • Simulation is always required but should be minimal • Simulation interferes with the exercise • The scenario should unfold naturally and realistically • How much human errors or stupidity is required to make the scenario happen? L-054: Scenario, Injects and Data

12. Designing the Event SequencesBottom-up Approach • Start with the final events • (evacuation, life-threatening injury,...) • Work backwards towards realistic initiating events • Respect timing and duration of intermediate events • Tie the whole series of events in a "Story" L-054: Scenario, Injects and Data

13. Designing the Event SequencesTop-down Approach • Start with the initiating event • (tornado, LOCA...) • Play out the consequences according to safety analysis, plans and procedures • Add embellishments to the basic "Story" L-054: Scenario, Injects and Data

14. Event Sequences: Validation • Training staff is very valuable • Explain the methodology (or recipe…) • Explain the objectives • Explain your needs • Respect their advice • Verify safety of scenario L-054: Scenario, Injects and Data

15. Exercise ScenarioDetailed Contents • Start state • Narrative • Critical time line • Master event list • Local event lists • Supporting data L-054: Scenario, Injects and Data

16. What do You Need to Run the Scenario? gives to Controller Injects Players Perform Actions Receive Data React Response L-054: Scenario, Injects and Data

17. Injects (Reminder) • Inject = information “injected” by a controller to a player to simulate an event • Example: Initiation of a fire alarm in a facility L-054: Scenario, Injects and Data

18. Inject (Example) From: simulated police chief To: regional emergency management group Time: 0830 h Message: This is lieutenant Palmer. The evacuation of sector A is proceeding. There is a traffic jam at the corner of Main road and Sanity boulevard. Estimate that it will clear in 2 hours. L-054: Scenario, Injects and Data

19. Inject (Example) Inject # 1-10 Inject time 0730 Injected by On-sitecontroller Injection method Phone call MESSAGE Witness From: To: E emergency response 24/7 call service or other designated player 0730 Simulated time: A witness called the emergency response 24/7 service to inform the emergency dispatchers of an emergency. He gave information about a train and truck crash, possible leaking fuel, and gave no other information. L-054: Scenario, Injects and Data

20. Medical injects Patient starts vomiting Moulage Inject (Example) L-054: Scenario, Injects and Data

21. Verbally (by simulating the originator) Direct but interferes with the player By phone, fax or radio Direct and simulates reality In writing, by handing out the inject Indirect and interferes with players, but is the best way in cases where there is a language barrier Visually Example, moulage How to Deliver an Inject L-054: Scenario, Injects and Data

22. Data = information provided by a controller to a player when adequate actions are taken to obtain it Example: ambient gamma measurement when a survey is conducted Data (Reminder) L-054: Scenario, Injects and Data

23. What Data is Required? • All information needed but not actually available must be simulated • To understand what data will be required, ask yourselves: • What must the players do? • What information or data will they need? • Will that data be available? • Is it essential for their performance? • In what form is it normally obtained? L-054: Scenario, Injects and Data

24. What Data is Required (Cont’d)? • Generate the data in the form required: • e.g. If ambient dose rate is measured, do not provide committed effective dose or dose rate • e.g. If contamination meters read in cpm, do not provide contamination data in Bq/m2 • e.g. If the meters saturate at the expected reading, don’t give a reading that exceeds the scale of the instrument L-054: Scenario, Injects and Data

25. Data Required (Facility) • System parameters • In-station radiological data • Stack monitor readings • Off-site radiological measurements • Gamma shine • Ground deposition • Soil and food contamination L-054: Scenario, Injects and Data

26. Data Required (Facility) • Chemistry laboratory analyses • Health physics laboratory analyses • Fixed monitoring station readings • Personnel accounting (to simulate missing persons if required) • Medical data L-054: Scenario, Injects and Data

27. Data Required (Facility) • Source term? • Not required because not normally available L-054: Scenario, Injects and Data

28. Data Required (Off-site) • Radiation levels • Vehicle contamination • People contamination data • Road conditions • Other operational data L-054: Scenario, Injects and Data

29. Data Required (Off-site) • Weather: real or simulated? L-054: Scenario, Injects and Data

30. Data Required (Medical) • Patient basic information • Vital signs • Bioassay results • X-ray results • Lymphocyte counts • Status of injuries • Others L-054: Scenario, Injects and Data

31. How to Prepare the Data? • From tables • Technical data • From graphs • Time-dependent technical data • From figures or pictures • Geometric technical data, layouts, site condition, control board status • From maps • Geographical information L-054: Scenario, Injects and Data

32. Tables L-054: Scenario, Injects and Data

33. Exercise DataGraphs (Example) L-054: Scenario, Injects and Data

34. Exercise DataFigures or Pictures (Example) L-054: Scenario, Injects and Data

35. Exercise DataMaps (Example) L-054: Scenario, Injects and Data

36. Maps (Cont’d) L-054: Scenario, Injects and Data

37. How to Provide the Data • Verbally or in writing • Be non-intrusive • Avoid conversations • Do not show the entire graph when using a graph • Do not show the map if a single point data is required • If the player does not take the appropriate action, do not volunteer the data L-054: Scenario, Injects and Data

38. Scenario Security • Scenario security is important: • It helps ensure that the participants react in a realistic way • It helps ensure that the evaluation is accurate • It is more stimulating and adds value to the exercise • It leads to useful lessons L-054: Scenario, Injects and Data

39. Summary • You need to select objectives before you design an exercise • The scenario is directly related to the objectives • The scenario needs to be realistic and validated • Injects and data are different • Injects drive the scenario • Data must be deserved by the player • Provide injects and data in a realistic and practical manner L-054: Scenario, Injects and Data