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EUROPEAN EXPLORATION, TRADE, & THE FAR EAST

EUROPEAN EXPLORATION, TRADE, & THE FAR EAST. CHINA & JAPAN LIMIT EUROPEAN CONTACTS. REMEMBERING PAST HISTORY:. 1200’S GENGHIS KHAN BUILDS LARGEST EMPIRE EVER ON EARTH THROUGH WAR SONS BREAK IT INTO 4 PARTS ~1250-1350 = “MONGOL PEACE” = STABLE TIME =TRADE + IDEAS MOVE FREELY

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EUROPEAN EXPLORATION, TRADE, & THE FAR EAST

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  1. EUROPEAN EXPLORATION, TRADE, & THE FAR EAST CHINA & JAPAN LIMIT EUROPEAN CONTACTS

  2. REMEMBERING PAST HISTORY: • 1200’S GENGHIS KHAN BUILDS LARGEST EMPIRE EVER ON EARTH THROUGH WAR • SONS BREAK IT INTO 4 PARTS • ~1250-1350 = “MONGOL PEACE” = STABLE TIME =TRADE + IDEAS MOVE FREELY • MONGOLS UNDER KUBLAI KHAN RULE CHINA FAIRLY WELL

  3. MONGOLS ADAPT TO CHINESE LIFE • GENGHIS K. TO KUBLAI K.: MONGOLS BECOME LESS MONGOL, MORE CHINESE as they settle in • Genghis Kublai K

  4. YONGLO: SON OF 1ST EMPEROR • CHINA CONTACTS OUTSIDE WORLD WITH 7 HISTORIC VOYAGES • ZHENG HE: CHINESE MUSLIM ADMIRAL LEADS EACH ONE • SHOWS CHINESE POWER & SPLENDOR • EXPANDS TRIBUTE SYSTEM (RESPECT & GIFTS TO EMPEROR)

  5. ZHENG HE'S VOYAGES • LIKE “FLOATING CITIES”: CREW NUMBERED OVER HALF OF POPULATION OF “THE POINTES” (27,000 VS 45,000) Santa Maria

  6. CHINA TURNS INWARD • AFTER 7TH VOYAGE (1433) CHINA BECOMES: • ISOLATIONIST: A POLICY OF AVOIDING POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, OR MILITARY INVOLVEMENT WITH OTHER COUNTRIES • Isolated by Taklimakan and Gobi Desert • Far from other civilizations • CHINA REFUSES TO INDUSTRIALIZE TO KEEP UP WITH DEMAND: • FOREIGN TRADE is “ANTI-CONFUCIUS” • FARMING, NOT INDUSTRY= TRADITION

  7. OTHER RESULTS OF ISOLATIONISM • CHINESE SMUGGLING INCREASES • CAPITAL MOVED TO BEIJING 1420—EMPEROR LIVED HERE UNTIL 1911 • KNOWN AS “FORBIDDEN CITY”: • NO FOREIGNERS OR COMMON PEOPLE ALLOWED IN

  8. THE IMPERIAL CITY • 30+ FOOT WALLS AND MOATS SURROUND FORBIDDEN CITY

  9. MANCHU DYNASTY 1644-1912 • HISTORY REPEATS! OUTSIDE INVADERS TAKE OVER CHINA • NATIVE CHINESE REBELLED, BUT MANCHU WON THEM OVER • UPHELD CONFUCIANISM & SOCIAL STRUCTURES, CHINA PROSPERED & WAS SAFE • KANGXI (1st emperor) & QIAN-LONG (grandson) RULE FOR 120 YEARS!

  10. MANCHU ISOLATIONIST POLICIES • CHINESE BELIEVED THEY DID NOT REALLY NEED FOREIGN “STUFF” • FOREIGNERS ALLOWED IN ONLY IF THEY “FIT INTO” CUSTOMS • PAY TRIBUTE TO EMPEROR • KOWTOW TO EMPEROR: BOW 9 TIMES HEAD TO FLOOR, NEVER TURN BACK ON EMPEROR

  11. THE KOW TOW: OLD & NEW

  12. EUROPEANS & THE MANCHU • ENGLISH, SPANISH, PORTUGUESE REFUSE TO DO CHINESE CUSTOMS • DUTCH CONTROLLED INDIAN OCEAN: they want Chinese trade! • SO THEY PERFORM CUSTOMS • DUTCH GET CHINESE SILK, PORCELAIN, & TEA (BY 1800, control 80% OF SHIPMENTS TO EUROPE!)

  13. CHINESE GOODS • ALTHOUGH FOUND ELSEWHERE, CHINESE TEA & SILK SUPERIOR TO OTHER PLACES (PLUS “EXOTIC” TO EUROPEANS)

  14. JAPAN & WESTERN EXPLORATION • 1300’S-1600: JAPANESE FEUDAL WARLORDS FIGHT EACH OTHER • EUROPEAN GUNS CHANGE WARFARE & FEUDALISM IN JAPAN • 1600: TOKUGAWAIEYASU is #1 ruler • Moves Capital to EDO (TOKYO) • Nobles FORCED to live in Edo every other year & must leave family behind: Rebellion stops quickly

  15. LIFE UNDER TOKUGAWA SHOGUNATE • PEACE, PROSPERITY FOR 250 YEARS • BUT FARMERS TAXED HEAVILY & their LIVES ARE HARD • WOMEN HAVE INFERIOR RIGHTS • MANUFACTURING INCREASED • EDUCATION AND ARTS GROW • EX: HAIKU, PAINTING, KABUKI

  16. TOKUGAWA SHOGUNATE, CONT. • JAPANESE WELCOME PORTUGUESE IN THE 1500’S UNTIL CHRISTIANITY VEIWED AS A THREAT; IN 1600’S SHOGUN PERSECUTES CHRISTIANS • BY 1639 JAPAN CLOSES COUNTRY to ALL FOREIGNERS except Dutch & Chinese (at Nagasaki) • Remains “CLOSED” for 200 YEARS until “Gun Boat Diplomacy” opens it

  17. Questionsp. 536-547 • Look up in the textbook what the dynastic cycle is. What is it? • What are common views that China and Japan have towards outsiders? • Before 1500, what do China and Japan have in common? • How is China isolated from other countries or great civilizations? • What was the main reason for Zheng He’s voyages?

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