Chapter 3 The Age of Exploration and Isolation, 1400-1800

1. Chapter 3The Age of Exploration and Isolation, 1400-1800 Seeking spices and converts, European nations lead successful voyages of exploration to the East. China and Japan both limit foreign contact after a brief period of acceptance

2. Section 1 EUROPEANS EXPLORE THE EAST • Upon completion, students should be able to: • Explain the reasons why the Europeans began to explore the east. • Describe the advantages that Portugal had in sea exploration. • Summarize the growth of European exploration in the 16-1700’s.

3. Europeans Explore the East The desire for profit and the hope of spreading Christianity motivate European exploration, and new technology makes it possible. The Portuguese dominate exploration until other Europeans, especially the Dutch, establish their own trading empires.

4. What motivated more Europeans to get involved in trading with the East? • Italians controlled the trade and charged them high prices for the trade goods. • “God, glory, and gold” • the hope to convert Muslims • to bring fame and prestige to themselves and their countries • enrich themselves

5. Portugal and Exploration • Prince Henry the Navigator • founds a navigation school on the southwestern corner of Portugal • mapmakers • instrument makers • shipbuilders • scientists • sea captains

6. Prince henry the navigator

7. Portugal and Exploration: Portugal’s Trading Empire • Africa to Asia • Hormuz – connects the Persian Gulf and the Arabian Sea • stops Muslim traders from reaching India • Goa – on the west coast of India • becomes the capital of their trading empire • Malacca on the west coast of the Malay peninsula is captured which allows for the control of the Moluccas (Spice Islands) • Brings down prices so Europeans can afford Asian goods

8. Portugal vs Spain • 1492 – Columbus reaches the Caribbean • Tension grows between Portugal and Spain • 1493 – Pope Alexander VI steps in and sets the Papal Line of Demarcation • 1494 – Portugal and Spain negotiate and sign the Treaty of Tordesillas

10. The Dutch Take-over the East Indies • 1600 – Dutch own 20,000 ships • 1619 – Dutch seize the port of Malacca and the Spice Islands • Amsterdam becomes a leading commercial and financial center • Influence of Europeans in Asia doesn’t extend outside of the port cities

11. Section 2 China limits european contacts • Upon completion, students should be able to: • Summarize the rise of the Ming Dynasty. • Explain the outcome of the early Chinese sea voyages. • Describe living conditions under the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

12. China Rejects European Advances • Advances under the Ming and Qing dynasties left China self-contained and uninterested in European contact • The first Ming emperor, Hongwu encouraged a return to Confucian moral standards • Ming rulers would not allow outsiders to threaten the peace and prosperity they had brought to China following the end of Mongol rule

13. Era of the Ming

14. The Ming Dynasty • The Voyages of Zheng He • 1405 - Sponsored by Hongwu’s son Yonglo • Southeast Asia, India, Arabia, and eastern Africa • to impress the world with the power and splendor of Ming China and to expand China’s tribute system • ships up to 440 ft. long with fleet’s crews numbering over 27,000 • Chinese scholars-officials see the voyages as wasteful • Seventh and last voyage ended in 1433

15. The Ming Dynasty • China Isolates Itself • Only the government to conduct trade • Chinese merchants smuggled cargoes of silk, pottery, and other valuable goods • Confucian beliefs and agriculturally favorable taxes keep China from becoming highly industrialized.

16. The Qing Dynasty • after 200 years of rule ineffective rulers, corrupt officials, bad harvests, economic issues, and rebellion cause the fall of the Ming Dynasty • the Manchu people from the northeast end of the Great Wall invaded • they took the name Qing for their dynasty that lasted for more than 260 years

17. The Qing Dynasty • bring Taiwan, Chinese Central Asia, Mongolia, and Tibet into China • forced Chinese men to wear their hair in a pigtail as a sign of submission to their rule • uphold Confucian beliefs and social structures • made the frontiers safe and restored China’s prosperity

18. The Qing Dynasty • Kanxi, 1661-1721 • reduced government expenses • offers intellectuals government positions • keeps a relationship with Jesuits who keep him up to date with developments in Europe • Kanxi’s grandson Qian-long rules China to its greatest size and prosperity • continue policy of isolation and “Chinese rules“ for trade

19. The Qing Dynasty • King George III asks for a better trade arrangement • representative Lord George McCartney refuses to kowtow the emperor • Qian-long denies Britain’s request • Why was the kowtow ritual important to the Chinese emperor?

20. The Qing Dynasty • Korea • follows Chinas lead: paying tribute, adopting a Confucian government, and staying isolated • China’s “little brother” • Manchu invasion and 1590 Japanese invasion evoke feelings of nationalism • Korean themes evident in art

21. The Qing Dynasty • Daily Life • farmers • favor sons over daughters • women • educated children and handled family finances • 1/2 to 2/3 suffered through foot-binding • drama is popular as literacy rates are low

22. Section 3 Japan Returns to Isolation • Upon completion, students should be able to: 1. Trace the events that allowed Japan to become united under Tokugawa Ieyasu. 2. Describe feudal life in Japan. 3. Summarize the early contacts between Japan and the Europeans. 4. Discuss the reasons why Japan became an isolated country in the 17th century.

23. Japan Limits Western Contacts • After a period of severe disorder, the Tokugawa Shogunate unifies Japan. In the two centuries of peace and prosperity that follow, the Japanese close their country to foreign ideas by banning Christianity and severely restricting foreign trade

24. Japanese shoguns

25. Tokugawa Shogunate • Tokugawa Ieyasu • unites Japan, 1600 • moves capital to Edo, modern-day Tokyo • daimyo govern at the local level • “rule of law” overcomes “rule of the sword” • increased food productions • increased population • merchant class and rich prosper • poor still struggle • women work in traditional roles • towns people read urban fiction and haiku • Tokugawa Shogunate rules until 1867

26. Contact Between Europe and Japan • Portuguese come to trade • daimyo are welcoming • intrigued by trade goods, especially firearms and cannons • new fortified castles turn into towns and cities with the attraction of artisans and merchants

27. Contact Between Europe and Japan • Christianity in Japan • Jesuits, Franciscans, and Dominicans convert Japanese • 300,000 converts by 1600 • Ieyasu finds Christianity troubling so he bans it in 1612 • Persecution of Christians continues • All Japanese are forced to demonstrate a faithfulness to some branch of Buddhism • 1639 – Tokugawa Shogunate institute a “closed country policy” that lasts for more than 200 years START OF JAPANESE ISOLATIONISM