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Chapter 28

Chapter 28. Body Composition Assessment. Body Mass Index (BMI). BMI = Body mass (kg) ÷ stature (m 2 ). New Standards for Overweight and Obesity. BMI limitations Fails to take body composition and fat distribution into account Can be affected by other factors Miss America and BMI

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Chapter 28

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  1. Chapter 28 Body Composition Assessment McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  2. Body Mass Index (BMI) • BMI = Body mass (kg) ÷ stature (m2) McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  3. New Standards for Overweight and Obesity • BMI limitations • Fails to take body composition and fat distribution into account • Can be affected by other factors • Miss America and BMI • 48% of winners have undesirable values. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  4. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  5. Composition of the Human Body • Four-component model • Skeleton, skin and tissue, muscle, remainder • Total body mass = S + [Sk + St] + M + R • Reference man and reference woman • Lean mass • Muscle • Bone • Fat: Storage, essential McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  6. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  7. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  8. Minimal Leanness Standards • Men: 3% essential body fat • Women: 12% essential body fat McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  9. Composition of the Human Body • Five levels of body composition • Atomic • Molecular • Cellular • Tissue and organ • Whole-body McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  10. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  11. Composition of the Human Body • Leanness, regular exercise, and menstrual irregularity • Exercise stress hypothesis • Energy availability hypothesis • Lean to fat ratio • Delayed onset of menstruation and cancer risk • Less total estrogen production McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  12. Direct Assessment to Evaluate Body Composition • Cadaver analysis • Dissolution • Dissection McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  13. Indirect Assessment to Evaluate Body Composition • Hydrostatic weighing: Archimedes Principle • Validity to estimate body fat • Possible limitations • Computing body density • Computing percent body fat • Limitations of density assumptions • Computing fat mass • Computing fat-free body mass McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  14. Body Volume Measurement • Water displacement • Weighing • Variations with menstruation • Calculating body composition from • Body mass • Body volume • Residual lung volume McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  15. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  16. Skinfold and Girth Measurements • Subcutaneous fat measurement • Caliper • Measurement sites • Usefulness of skinfold scores • Consistent and meaningful scores • Skinfolds and age • More fat deposits internally as one ages McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  17. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  18. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  19. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  20. Skinfold and Girth Measurements • Measurement of girths • Six common sites • Usefulness of girth scores • Helps rank individuals • Body fat predictions from girths • Requires 5 steps McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  21. Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) • Influence of hydration level and ambient temperature • Can affect resistance • Applicability of BIA in sports and exercise training • Additional research needed to establish validity for females McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  22. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  23. Other Techniques to Assess Body Composition • Near-Infrared Interactance (NIR) • Questionable validity • Ultrasound assessment of fat • Arm x-ray assessment of fat • Computed tomography • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) • Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) • BOD POD McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  24. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  25. McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  26. Average Percent Body Fat • Throughout the United States • Men average 12 – 15% body fat • Women average 25 – 28% body fat • Representative samples lacking McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

  27. Determining Goal Body Weight • Goal body weight = fat-free body mass ÷ 1.00 − desired %fat McArdle, Katch, and Katch: Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, Sixth Edition

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