From Human Prehistory to the Early Civilizations

1. From Human Prehistory to the Early Civilizations AP World History

2. Paleolithic Era Old Stone Age 2.5 million - 12,000 BCE • The human species has existed for about 2.5 million years. • Hunting and Gathering: over 99% of human existence has relied on this. • Paleolithic Era: time before people developed stationary civilizations and settled down to live in one place. • Hominids: members of the family of humans (includes Homo Sapiens Sapiens)

3. hunter-gatherers • People who were tied to the seasons of plants (for food) that occurred naturally. • People were tied to the migration of animals. • A hunter-gatherer migrated from place to place throughout the year to gather food they could find and hunt animals they could find  “nomads”.

4. Characteristics of Paleolithic Age • Simple tool use (rocks and sticks) for hunting and warfare • Use of controlled fire for cooking • Population distribution all over the world • Population growth • Estimated to be at 1.5 million humans by 100,000 years ago • Emergence of speech • Homo erectus (100,000 years ago) began to transmit oral speech

5. problems with hunting and gathering • Population growth is small overall • Gathering nuts and berries cannot support large populations • Giving birth could be dangerous for women • Nursing is a natural form of birth control • Women had to care for infants, which took time away to do other chores • Labor-intensive and dangerous life style • Had to roam widely for food • Had to stalk and kill prey

6. Emergence of Art • Example of cave art: Lascaux, France. • Estimated to be 16,000 years old. • Over 2,000 paintings in Lascaux cave: animals, human figures and abstract signs. • Why is it so significant that prehistoric peoples began creating art?

7. The Spread of Human Populations • Where did the human species originate from? • What are most “sites” of humans located by?

8. Mesolithic age12,000 – 8,000 BCE • Human ability to fashion stone tools and other implements improved greatly • Sharpen and shape stone • Create log rafts, pots, baskets • Domesticated more animals • Population growth accelerated • Increase in conflict and war

9. Neolithic Revolution6,000-4,000 BCE • The Neolithic Revolution is the transition from hunting and gathering to agricultural settlement. • Major developments: • Invention of agriculture • Creation of cities • Increased population growth

10. Invention of Agriculture • Humans deliberately planned to harvest plants, grains and vegetables for later harvest. • People began domesticating (raising for food) animals (pigs, sheep, goats, cattle). • Metal tools were developed for planting and harvesting. • Slash-and-burn Agriculture: used slash-and-burn agriculture to clear more land to make it suitable for plants and animals by creating crop fields and pastures. • Development of agriculture moved humans toward more sophisticated social and cultural patterns.

11. The Spread of Agriculture • Where are the core areas of agriculture? • Where did specialty agriculture originate from?

12. Was the Neolithic revolution really a revolution? • No: agriculture was not a sudden transformation. • Learning new agricultural methods was difficult and had to be developed. • This revolution took over a thousand years. • Yes: this revolution brought about monumental change to humans.

13. What is the major difference between the Paleolithic Era and the Neolithic Era? Quick Review

14. Iron Age1900-1400 BCE • Iron became common after the Bronze Age. • Hittites in Anatolia discovered and improved iron smelting techniques to make iron weapons and tools. • Led to advanced farming tools, made labor easier, and diminished the need for many farmers. • Iron was more effective than bronze; significantly improved weaponry.

15. What is a civilization? • A society distinguished by reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, existence of non-farming elites, and social stratification.

16. Four River Valley Civilizations • Mesopotamia • Nile • Indus River Valley • Yellow River Valley (Huang He)

17. Mesopotamia“land between the rivers” • Civilization that developed between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. • Developed independently from any other civilizations. • Home to many groups: Sumerians, Assyrians, Akkadians, Babylonians

18. Where did farming initially develop? • As early as 10,000 BCE • In the “Fertile Crescent” between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers (Mesopotamia). • Agriculture will emerge independently 1,000-1,500 years later in China.

19. Early Achievements in Mesopotamia • Writing (cuneiform) • Formal law codes (Hammurabi’s Law Code) • City planning and irrigation • Architecture (ziggurats) • Institutions for trade

20. Sumerians (3500-2000 BCE) • Irrigated crops (barley, dates and sesame seeds) • Abundance of food led to steady population growth • Built canals, dykes, levees, dams and drainage systems • Developed cuneiform • Invented the wheel • Developed ziggurats (temples) • Developed a trade system, including bartering • Could not unite lower Mesopotamia

21. Writing in Mesopotamia • Cuneiform: “wedge shaped” • Used different pictures to represent objects, geometric shapes to represent sounds • Up to 2,000 symbols • Scribes - trained writers • The Epic of Gilgamesh is an epic poem originating from this period and is one of the earliest known literary writings.

22. Babylonians 1830-1500 BCE and 650-500 BCE • Reunited Mesopotamia in 1830 BCE • King Hammurabi • Conquered Akkad and Assyria • Established a law code • Built new walls to protect the city • Improved irrigation • Economy based on wool, agriculture, and trade

23. Hammurabi’s Code • King Hammurabi of Babylon developed a law code in 1772 BCE that was written in stone and displayed in the city center. • With 282 laws total, the laws were specific to social status and gender of the offender. Also, punishments were to fit the crime (eye for an eye).

24. Irrigation in Mesopotamia • Construct irrigation canals to bring water from the Tigris and Euphrates to crops. • Constructed levees, which held back flood waters from the rivers; the Tigris and Euphrates were unpredictable and powerful. • Irrigation made Mesopotamian civilization possible.

25. Architecture in Mesopotamia • Ziggurats, or religious temples, were developed in Mesopotamia. They were stepped to bring visitors closer to the heavens. • Mesopotamians had complex religious beliefs, which included polytheism.

26. Religion in Mesopotamia • Polytheistic religion with over 3,600 gods and goddesses • Kings ruled by divine right • Each city-state had a god/goddess • Kings and priests acted on behalf of the gods Statue from Tell-Asmar

27. How would Mesopotamians have described their gods? Quick Review

28. Egypt3100-1200 BCE • Known as “gift of the Nile” because it is at the end of the Nile River’s flow from Lake Victoria (Uganda). • The Nile River flows north, to the Mediterranean Sea. • Therefore, “Upper Egypt” is in the south and “Lower Egypt” is in the north.

29. The Nile River • Each September, the Nile floods, which turns the Nile Valley into a marsh. • After the water retreats, soil is fertile and crops grow very well. • Egyptian civilization depended on the predictable flooding of the Nile. • The Nile also produced other natural resources (reeds, copper, stone, clay)

30. History of Egyptian Civilization • Political organization began as small states ruled by local kings. • Breaks into Upper and Lower kingdoms • Eventually, Egypt becomes a large and unified political body. • Egyptian history is organized into 30 dynasties falling into three longer periods: • Old Kingdom • Middle Kingdom • New Kingdom

31. Old Kingdom2700-2200 BCE • King Menes, founder of the first Egyptian dynasty, united the upper and lower Egyptian kingdoms in 3100 BCE • Old Kingdom includes 3rd-6th dynasties • “Pyramid age” • Egypt was ruled by a strong government and pharaoh until priests and other officials demanded more power The Sphinx and the Great Pyramid at Giza were built during this period

32. Middle Kingdom2100-1800 BCE • Includes 11th-12th dynasties • Changes were made to the government so that the pharaoh did not have complete power • Complex irrigation systems were developed

33. The New Kingdom1570-1075 BCE • Includes 18th, 19th, and 20th dynasties • The Egyptians conquer several civilizations: Nubians in the south and Syrians in the northeast. • Slavery was used among elite. • At the end of the New Kingdom, there was a power-struggle between government officials. The empire was divided into smaller states. • Smaller states were weak and invaders took over Egypt

34. Social Classes in Egypt • 3 social classes • King and high-ranking officials • Lower level officials, local leaders andpriests, professionals, soldiers, artisans and well-off farmers • Peasants (the vast majority of people)

36. Egyptian Beliefs • Pharaohs (kings of Egypt) were considered to be gods living on earth. • Egyptians were polytheistic. • Amon- sky-god • Ra- sun-god • The Book of the Dead explained what happens after Egyptians died and called for mummification. • Allowed for detailed knowledge of the human body

37. Egyptian Writing • Two writing systems: • Hieroglyphics • Cursive script • Egyptians wrote on papyrus (made from reeds) and carved into stone. • Purposes: kept records, religious writing, secular writing.

38. Egyptian achievements • Mathematic advancements • Used mathematical operations: +, -, x, ÷ • Fractions, volume, surface area, decimals • 24-hour day • Art and architecture • Granite to carve statues • Pyramids and Sphinx • Used paint to create colorful hieroglyphics and paintings • Egyptian gods and goddesses influenced other religions

39. How did Mesopotamian and Egyptianpatriarchy differ from each other? Egypt: A patriarchal society, BUT it afforded women greateropportunitiesthan did Mesopotamia. Women in Egypt were recognized as legal equals to men. Women were able to own property, sell land, make their own wills, sign their own marriage contracts, & initiate their own divorces Royal women occasionally exercised significant political power as regents for their young sons or, more rarely, as queens in their own right. Women were not veiled in Egypt, and art depicting married couples showed women and men in affectionate poses as equal partners. Mesopotamia: By the 2000 B.C.E., written law sought to enforcepatriarchal family life. The law supported unquestioned authority of men while offering women a measure of paternalistic protection. Laws regulated female sexuality by men. Women were sometimes divided into 2 categories: (1) respectable women, those under the protection and sexual control of 1 man, who were often veiled outside the home (2) non respectable women, such as slaves and prostitutes, who were often forbidden to wear a veil. Powerful goddesses of early Mesopotamian civilization were relegated to home and hearth, to be replaced by male deities, who were credited with the power of creation and fertility and viewed as the patrons of wisdom and learning.

40. In what ways did Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations differ from each other? Gods: The Mesopotamian outlook on life viewed humankind as caught in an inherently disorderly world, subject to the whims of capricious and quarreling gods, and facing death without much hope of a life beyond. By contrast, Egypt produced a more cheerful and hopeful outlook on the world, wherein the rebirth of the sun each day and of the river every year assured Egyptians that life would prevail over death.

41. Agriculture: Mesopotamian civilization adversely affected its environment through deforestation, soil erosion, and salinization of the soil. This ecological deterioration weakened Sumerian city-states, facilitating their conquest and the shift of Mesopotamian civilization permanently north from its original heartland. By contrast, Egypt produced a more sustainable agricultural system that lasted for thousands of years and contributed to the continuity of its civilization. In what ways did Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations differ from each other?

42. Settlement Patterns: Some 80 percent of the population of Sumer lived in urban environments because of the need for protection in an unstable world. In Egypt, cities were primarily political, religious, and market centers, with most people living in agricultural villages along the river. This was possible in part because Egypt’s greater security made it less necessary for people to gather in fortified towns. In what ways did Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations differ from each other?

43. Political Systems: The political system in Sumer, the first Mesopotamian civilization, consisted of independent city-states that frequently warred among themselves and were subject to unexpected attack from the outside. This instability, along with environmental degradation, weakened the civilization and led to its ultimate conquest by outside powers. By contrast, Egypt unified early in its history under the pharaoh, the head of a strong divine right monarchical system. While over time the pharaohs declined in real power, the political tradition helped Egypt to maintain unity and independence with only occasional interruptions for 3,000 years. In what ways did Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations differ from each other?

44. Geography as a Determining Factor: Underlying these contrasts were the very different rivers along which the two civilizations developed and the geographic locations in which they emerged. The Nile proved a more predictable river, one whose yearly floods facilitated agricultural production. Meanwhile, the Tigris and Euphrates were more unpredictable, bringing fertility but also on occasion destruction through flooding. Moreover, the Nile River valley was more protected from invasion than was Mesopotamia. The Nile was surrounded by deserts, mountains, seas, and cataracts that limited the possibility of outside invasion,while Mesopotamia lacked any serious obstacles to travel and suffered from frequent invasions. The certainty and security enjoyed by Egyptians had an impact on their civilization, just as the uncertainty and insecurity experienced by Mesopotamians influenced their civilization. In what ways did Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations differ from each other?

45. In what ways were Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations shaped by their interactions with near and distant neighbors? Egyptian agriculture relied on wheat and barley adopted from Mesopotamiaas well as gourds, watermelon, domesticated donkeys, and cattle from Sudan. Some scholars argue that Egypt’s step pyramids and system of writing were stimulated by Mesopotamian models. The practice of “divine kingship” most likely derived from traditions in central or eastern Sudan. Indo-European pastoralists influenced both Mesopotamia and Egypt as they migrated into the region.They brought with them the domesticated horse and chariot technology, which proved effective on the battlefield. Both Mesopotamian and Egyptian armies rapidly incorporated both the horse and chariot into their armies. With the invasion of the Hyksos into Egypt, Egyptian civilization also adopted new kinds of armor, bows, daggers, and swords; improved methods of spinning and weaving; new musical instruments; and olive and pomegranate trees.

46. In what ways have historians tried to explain the origins of patriarchy? Transition from primitive agriculture (performed by women mostly) to more intensive agriculture with animal-drawn plows and more intensive large-herd pastoralism (men) Growing population of civilizations meant that women were pregnant more often & even more deeply involved in child care than before. Men, because they were less important in the household, were available to take on positions of economic, religious, and political authority as societies grew more complex. Men shaped the values & practices of their societies in a manner that benefited them at the expense of women.

47. In what ways have historians tried to explain the origins of patriarchy? Women had long been identified WITH nature because of their intimate involvement in reproduction, however civilization now valued culture & the human mastery OVER naturewhich men facilitated. Men valued agriculture, monumental art & architecture. They created large-scale cities and states. Some suggests that, as civilizations developed, women became associated with an inferior dimension of human life (nature), while men assumed responsibility for the higher order of culture (political power & influence). A Mesopotamian Ziggurat This massive ziggurat/temple to the Mesopotamian moon god Nanna was built around 2100 B.C.E. in Ur.

48. In what ways have historians tried to explain the origins of patriarchy? • Large-scale military conflict with professionally led armies was a central feature of the First Civilizations. • With military service largely restricted to men, the needs of warfare served to enhance the power and prestige of a male warrior class. • The emergence of private property and commerce also may have shaped the status of women. • Restrictions on women’s sexual activity became central to ensuring that offspring of the male head of household inherited family property. • Moreover, the buying and selling associated with commerce was soon applied to male rights over women, whether as slaves, concubines, or wives.

49. How is the Nile different from the Tigris and Euphrates? Quick Review

50. Indus River Valley Civilizations • Two large cities emerged around 2,500 BCE: Harappa and MohenjoDaro. • Harappan writing has never been deciphered; their civilization isn’t well known. Thus, archaeological discoveries are crucial.