Objective 2—Development of American Democracy.

1. Objective 2—Development of American Democracy.

2. Concepts of Democracy • Worth of the individual—each individual is a distinct human being—may be subordinate to that of the many • Equality of all persons—“all men are created equal”—equal opportunity, legal equality • Majority rule, Minority Rights—Will of the people but with fair treatment to the minority individual • Necessity of compromise—find the position most acceptable to the largest number—individual first and each individual is equal to all others • Individual freedoms—not complete freedom, each individual must be as free to do as he or she pleases as far as the freedom of all will allow.

3. Different Types of Organization • Royal Colonies—direct control of the Crown • NH, Mass., NY, NJ, Virginia, NC, SC, Georgia • Proprietary Colonies • Proprietary—Maryland, Pennsylvania.(Delaware) organized by a proprietor--person to whom the king had made a grant of land (landlord) • The Charter Colonies • Charter—written permission to establish a colony or government • Conn. (1662) and RI(1663) • Self governed—governor elected by white, landowners (ultimately approved by the King. (VERY LIBERAL)

4. Examples • Developement of the Colonies • Virginia • 1605—Virginia Company— • Joint Stock Company—investment and ownership • May 1607—settled Jamestown Jamestown • First permanent English colony in the New World • Indentured servants—settlers who were bound for a period of years to the person who paid their way—Tobacco!! • House of Burgesses 1619 • First -- representative government in North America

5. Massachusetts—Religious freedom from Anglican Church • Plymouth (Pilgrims) • Mayflower Compact • Town meetings=local government • First example of direct government in North America: majority rule: self government • Massachusetts Bay (Salem, MA)—Puritans • Paradox—no religious freedom in Massachusetts • Roger Williams 1644—charter--colony of Rhode Island • Fundamental orders of Connecticut--1639—1stwritten Constitution: • Thomas Hooker: left Mass. for Conn.—

6. Regional Differences • New England Colonies—Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island—Rocky Soil, Large coastline, short growing seasons • Commerce--Sold fish, grain, lumber, ship building • Middle Colonies—New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware • “Bread Basket”—grew staple crops—food crops--Trade • Pennsylvania—granted to William Penn • “Holy Experiment” • Treated Native Americans fairly • Granted freedom of worship • Quakers were against war and slavery • Southern Colonies—Maryland, Virginia, Georgia, North Carolina and South Carolina • Maryland toleration Act 1649 • Passed to protect the rights of the Catholic minority • Georgia—debtor’s colony, people given fresh start • Maryland—George Calvert—save haven for Catholics

7. Southern Colonies and Slavery --the first African blacks --Jamestown in 1619 • The indentured servant system eventually gave way to slavery because of the need for labor • Crops: Cash Crops: tobacco, rice, indigo, forest products, and later on, cotton (this would not become a major crop until after the invention of the Cotton Gin • Triangular Trademolassas to rum to slaves • European merchant ships carried goods, such as s and cloth, to Africa, were they were traded for slaves • The middle passage—slaves were shipped to the Americas and sold • Merchants purchased raw materials and other goods to take back to Europe

8. American identity. • The Social Contract theory—an 18th century enlightenment idea • -the state government exists only to serve the will of the people • In extreme examples, people can end bad government • John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau, Thomas Hobbes

9. Warm-up question • The social contract theory is best described as the idea that • 1. constitutions should be written to establish representative democracies • 2. Rulers come to power because of the will of God • 3. people agree to create a direct democracy for the common good • 4. governments created as an agreement between people and the state to trade liberty for security.

10. American Identity Cont. • House of Burgesses—first representative government • Mayflower Compact—direct, self-government of the people • Great Awakening—1720’series of religious revivals. Brought Colonies together religiously—questioned authority, Hope, Baptists and Methodists, Jonathan Edwards • New England Confederation. –Mass. Bay, Plymouth, New Haven and Conn. settlements formed the • The Albany Plan of Union(1754) • Problem- of colonial trade and attacks by French and Native American allies • Benjamin Franklin-- delegates (representatives) • Franklin proposed colonies could: • raise military forces • make war and peace • regulate trade • tax

11. American Identity Cont. • Bacon’s Rebellion—1640’s—fought English restriction of settlement (Virginia) • Peter Zenger—Publisher -libel antigovernment articles—Acquitted • Colonists are Educated • Began to use the term, “American” • Used in Declaration of Rights • egalitarianism=equality—colonists believed they should have same rights as English citizens

12. Identity cont. • the First Continental Congress—Sept. 5, 1774 • Intolerable Acts—Laws passed to punish colonists for troubles in Boston • Declaration of Rights—document sent to King George • protested Britain’s colonial policies • Asked for almost a National Conscience • “ firmly agree and associate, under the sacred ties of virtue, honor and love of our country”

13. Economic reasons for Revolution • Economics • Mercantilism—economic policy • Colonies were a source of raw materials and as markets for goods • Navigation Acts—required European goods destined for the colonies to be routed through England [why was this smart?] • Taxes—mostly to pay for the French and Indian War • Stamp Act of 1765—required the use of tax stamps on all legal documents and newspapers • no taxation without representation • Stamp Act Congress—Oct. 1765—Nine colonies sent delegates • first time the colonies joined to oppose the British government • British Parliament repealed (removed) the Stamp Act, but new laws were passed • Townsend Acts 1767—taxes on glass, lead, paper, paints, and tea • Many colonists supported a boycott—refusal to buy or sell English goods

14. Religious and Politics reasons for revolution • Religion • Great Awakening—series of religious revivals • Politics • The French and Indian War 1754-63 (Seven Years War) • Causes--Virginian’s western expansion (attacked by French and Indians)--Disrupting trade of the colonists • The Treaty of Paris 1763 ended the war • Canada and all French territory east of the Mississippi • Spain--surrendered Florida to the British. • Proclamation of 1763—Stopped settlement of land west of the Appalachian Mts.—greatly angered colonists

15. Political Cont. • Boston Massacre • Boston tea Party—Dec. 16, 1773— • Reaction to the Tea Act and its tax on tea • Intolerable Acts • Series of acts meant to punish the colonists • Closing of the port of Boston • Suspension of Massachusetts government, etc. • First Continental Congress—Prepared Declaration of Rights—ignored! • The Second Continental Congress—May 10, 1775 • All thirteen colonies sent representatives • War had begun (Battle of Lexington and Concord -April of 1775)

16. TIMELINE—put in order event • 1st Continental Congress…which led to… • 2nd Continental Congress…which led to… • American Revolution….which led to… • Articles of Confederation…which led to… • Battle of Lexington and Concord…which led to… • Boston Tea Party….which led to…. • Constitution • Cost of French and Indian War…which led to… • Declaration of Independence…which led to… • Declaration of Rights…which led to…. • Intolerable or Coercive acts…which led to…. • Taxations without Representation led to…..

17. Our first Government. • 2nd Continental Congress--the nation’s first national government • from the adoption of the Declaration of Independence July 4, 1776, until the Articles of Confederation, March 1, 1781 • fought a war, raised armies and navy, borrowed funds, bought supplies, created a money system, made treaties • War ended on Oct. 19th, 1781 with Gen. Cornwallis in Yorktown, Virginia • Treat of Paris of 1783—officially ended Revolution

18. The Articles of Confederation • “firm league of friendship” • unicameral (one house) Congress • state sovereignty!!!!—one vote each • Powers of Congress • Could make war and peace, borrow money, raise an army • State Obligations—THEY SHOULD • Encourage free , fair trade • fund troops and government • Weakness of the Articles • Congress could not • tax • regulate trade • needed 9 of 13 nine states to pass laws • No national court • No executive to enforce acts of Congress • ALL states needed to amend

19. CHANGE IS NEEDED!!! • Only major positive accomplishment--Northwest Ordinance 1787—governing of area--organization • the Critical Period, 1780’s • Shay’s Rebellion • economic crisis—inflation and foreclosure • Annapolis Convention, Maryland—Sept. 11, 1786 • recommend a plan for regulating commerce—agreed to AMEND Articles of Confederation

20. CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION • Momentous Decision—(after about a week) Set about writing a constitution to replace Articles • Framers —writers of Constitution • George Washington president of the convention • James Madison -“father of the Constitution” (good notes) • SOURCES OF THOUGHT • British tradition—English Bill of Rights, Magna Carta • Political writings—John Locke’s—Two Treatises of Government • Colonial experiences—Virginia Bill of Rights, Mayflower Compact, etc • Iroquois Constitution—(five NY tribes)—end conflict, representative form of go.

21. “Bundle of Compromises” • The Connecticut Compromise (the Great Compromise-representation) • Two House Congress • House of Representatives- population • Senate—equal representation—chosen by state legislators • the Three Fifths Compromise • representation!!! • Slaves counted as 3/5ths of a human • the Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise • Congress could not tax exports and NO action on slavery for 20 years

22. FIGHT FOR RATIFICATION (ART. VII) • Federalists and Anti-Federalists • Federalists • Favored ratification of the Constitution • James Madison and Alexander Hamilton • Federalist Papers—supported Constitution--Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay • anti-Federalists • against Constitution • Patrick Henry and John Hancock • Problem—no mention of god, states could not print money, NO Bill of rights, central government TOO STRONG • Article VII--Nine states are necessary to approve the constitution-- • Delaware 1st on Dec. 7, 1787 • New Hampshire was the ninth (see page 57)