Strategies for Inclusion of Marginalized Youth in Cali: Enhancing Social and Labor Opportunities

1. Strategies for social and labor inclusion of young people marginalized areas of CaliMaría del Pilar Castillomain researcherBoris salazarDiana Marcela JiménezÁngela FrancoMaría Isabel Gutiérrezmaria.d.castillo@correounivalle.edu.coUniversidad del Valle in Cali, Colombia

2. The homicide rate of Cali and other cities in Latin America

3. Concentration of poverty in Cali Young gangs in Cali

4. Labor Opportunitiesforyoungpeople in Cali: Types of infomal and formal employments Ilegal Legal Street vendors Mechanical workshops Loading and unloading of goods at market places Housekeeping service Security guards Informal car washers Hairdressing salons Unskilled construction workers Debt collectors of loan sharking schemes Microtraffickling Extortion Robbery Hire-a-killer services Vacancies available from criminal world Vacancies available from non criminal world Low labor skills LowEducationallevels Labor aspirations: To get a goodjobwithhighsalary Features Features High risk High salaries temporarily Low social mobility Low risk Low salaries Low social mobility High Incertainty Low Expectatives Poverty Trap

5. Conclusions Grounded on the analysis of the results of the ongoing program TIP-Youth Without Borders, we suggest this research as an input for the creation of public policies aimed at creating social and economic opportunities for these young people and reducing their exposure to the violence. The participation of gangs in the program facilitate non-violent encounters and relationships between members of otherwise rival gangs. It is easy to check this outcome in the homicide rate of youths in the neighborhoods and juvenile gangs intervened. However, they are immersed in a context in which high degrees of social exclusion persist, reflected in high unemployment rates or in a high degree of employment in precarious, informal and even illegal jobs that increase the risk of exposure to risky behavior