The Revolution Within: Women, African-American, and the Indigenous

1. Revolutionary Women • Used domestic roles • Homespun Movement: • Served Continental Army • Allowed American soldiers in home • Loyalist women left country/undertook acts of resistance • Control of domestic consumption= political goals • Boycott: British goods • Edenton Tea party: 51 women/ North Carolina • Spied on British soldiers • Deborah Champion, Sara Decker Haligowski, Harriet Prudence, Patterson Hall, Lydia Darraugh: information to U.S. soldiers • Fought in war • Deborah Samson, Hannah Snell, Sally St. Claire: hid gender • Loyalist Women • Leave • Resistance The Revolution Within: Women, African-American, and the Indigenous

2. 1770s • Most lived as slaves: North and South • Issues of enslavement and freedom • Sided with whom could promise personal liberty • 100,000 escaped or died during war • 5000 enlisted in Continental Army: Lexington & Concord, and Bunker Hill • 1775 George Washington: forbids recruitment of Blacks • Virginia Governor: Lord Dunmore: promises freedom to Blacks (side with British) • Black Loyalists- emigration of 3,000-4000 • Documented service to Crown: left U.S. for Britain and Nova Scotia • Massive Migration after War • Largely female • 1806: Women 4:3 in New York • Maritime industry- largest employer of black males post-Revolutionary African Americans during the Revolution

3. Key Points: • Dependency on men to participate in public realm • Coverture: Contribute to the public realm • Republican Motherhood: Educating the next generation according to values of the men who fought for independence. (Republican values and ideals=good citizens) • Issues: • Liberty, Equality, Independence: Not Women. Whig political theorists: voting rights through ownership of property. • Ideal Whig woman: patriotic cause from inside separate spheres • Key Figures • Abigail Adams: property rights for married women • Mercy Otis Warren: political writer and propagandist for war • Issued pamphlet “A Colombian Patriot,” opposed ratification of the U.S. Constitution in 1788 • 1805- first published history of the American Revolution • Postwar Efforts: rise of various women’s services and reform societies Gender and Politics during the Revolutionary Period

4. Key Points • War • Excuse to take land • War of survival for Indigenous • Damaged food supplies and atrocities • Lenape: signed treaty with the new United States • Iroquois: split allegiance between British (Loyalists) and the Patriots. • Treaty of Paris: 1783. British ceded territories to U.S. • Did not inform indigenous communities • Replaced Treaty of 1763: which established British power in 13 colonies • Northwest Indian Wars: War against white encroachment • Issues: • Women and War • Competition for Indigenous Support: Loyalists and Patriots • Frontier Warfare: Brutal 1779 New York Sullivan Expedition • Treaties: New York and Iroquois Nation, 5, 000, 000 acres; establishment of reservations. Displacing the Indigenous Communities