Ideologies and Upheavals

1. Ideologies and Upheavals 1815-1850

2. The Congress of Vienna,1814-1815 • Meeting of the five “great powers” of Europe • King Frederick William III of Prussia • Czar Alexander I of Russia • Emperor Francis I of Austria; Foreign minister Klemens von Metternich • Foreign minister Robert Castlereagh of Britain • Foreign minister Charles Talleyrand of France • Prince Klemens von Meternich, foreign minister of Austria • Wanted to: • 1) prevent French aggression • 2) restore the balance of power • 3) restore Europe’s royal families to the thrones

4. Metternich Restores Stability • The principle of legitimacy • They wanted to restore those rulers who had been displaced by Napoleon • Gained legitimacy primarily through inheritance • i.e.: Louis XVIII (France), Bourbon rulers of Spain, Hapsburg princes of No. Italy • The congress made the countries around France stronger • To build a barrier around France • France maintained its pre-Napoleon borders, kept some overseas borders, its army, and an independent government • In 1819, Metternich will issue the Carlsbad Decrees • The 38 German states had to eliminate “subversive” ideas from universities/newspapers. By subversive, he meant liberal, democratic ideas that could initiate an uprising or revolution • Established spies and informers that would investigate and punish any liberals or radicals

5. Concert of Europe • A system of alliances to bound the nations of Europe together • Devised by Metternich to ward off revolutionary ideas set in motion by the French Rev. • “Liberty, equality, and fraternity” • Democracy/constitutional monarchies • The Holy Alliance • Austria, Prussia and Russia join forces to fight against any future revolutions

6. Radical Ideas… • Liberalism, think democracy: • The idea of liberty and equality did not go away in Europe as a result of the Congress of Vienna meetings • Freedom of the press, speech, etc. still desired by the people • An idea associated with the middle class after 1815. Called for universal voting rights and democracy • Year of revolution: 1848 • Economic liberalism: free enterprise, laissez faire economics (let business do as it pleases)

7. Radical Ideas cont… • Nationalism: • Became popular after the after the French Rev. and Napoleonic Wars • To have deep pride and devotion to your country; to have a sense of national identity • Cultural groups sought to make their unity a political reality by forming new nations • IR created a need for a national language • Holidays, flags, symbols unified people • Democracy could really only be possible if there was a national unity • Early nationalists: did not necessarily believe that all people were equal. • We-they: nationalists might try to promote nationalism or superiority by pointing out an enemy at home or nearby.

8. Switching subjects…..

9. Romanticism • A new way of thinking that focused on human feelings, emotion and imagination, love of nature • Man’s natural place is in the country-depicted in art & literature (poetry) • Most romantics saw the Industrial Revolution as an attack on nature & human personality • Leader of English Romanticism was William Wordsworth

10. The Daffodils I wandered lonely as a cloud That floats on high o’er vales and hills, When all at once I saw a crowd, A host, of golden daffodils; Beside the lake, beneath the trees, Fluttering and dancing in the breeze. The waves beside them danced, but they Out-did the sparkling waves in glee: A poet could not but be gay, In such a jocund company I gazed-and-gazed-but little thought What wealth the show to me had brought: ***Poem by William Wordsworth

11. Switching Subjects Again…

12. Philosophers of Industrialization • Laissez-faire economics • Businesses have little interference from the government • Enlightenment idea • For the most part, this is how the industrialized nations operated business • Led to problems of factory owner exploitation of the poor workers • Adam Smith • The Wealth of Nations, 1776 • Laissez-faire economics led to progress • Founder of Capitalism

13. Capitalism • Economic system in which there is private ownership and all decisions are made by the owner. Limited government involvement (like US) • Thomas Malthus, Critic of IR • An Essay on the Principle of Population, 1798 • Population increased faster than food supply • Would lead to poverty • David Ricardo, Critic of IR • Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, 1817 • Permanent, poor “underclass” • “Iron law of wages”

14. Utilitarianism • Jeremy Bentham • Judge things based on their utility, or usefulness • “the greatest good for the greatest number of people” • His theory didn’t support capitalism because clearly, the greatest good was not occurring for the greatest number during the IR time period. • This is not an economic system Note: Bentham’s skeleton, as stated in his will, is preserved in a wooden cabinet at University College, London. It is dressed in clothes and topped off with a wax head. His actual head was once on display, but due to poor preservation and excessive student body pranks his head (shown at the bottom of the picture) has been moved to a safer location.Now who says history isn’t interesting?

15. Socialism/Communism • Socialism: Factors of production and key industries are owned by the people (i.e. the government) and operate for the welfare of all • Government should own key industries like mines, railroads, etc. • Communism: Karl Marx and Frederick Engels • Communist Manifesto, 1848 • Eventually the working class (proletariat) would revolt against the middle class (bourgeoisie) • The Ind. Rev. enriched the wealthy and impoverished the poor • Believed Capitalism would destroy itself • Developed idea of “pure communism” • Extreme socialism in which the factors of production are owned by the people (i.e. government) and private ownership doesn’t exist.

16. Communist influence • 1900s • Revolts in Russia (Lenin), China (Mao Zedong), Vietnam (Ho Chi Minh), Cuba (Fidel Castro) • Cold War • Capitalism vs. Communism

17. Ideologies and Upheavals 1815-1850