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Advanced P hotovoltaics I ncluding N ew M aterials and Approaches

Advanced P hotovoltaics I ncluding N ew M aterials and Approaches .

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Advanced P hotovoltaics I ncluding N ew M aterials and Approaches

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  1. Advanced PhotovoltaicsIncluding New Materials and Approaches Increasing desire for renewable energy sources has led to the rapid growth and development of photovoltaic (PV) technologies within the last few decades. It is estimated that 3,850,000 exajoules (1018 joules) in the form of light is received by the earth per year, and the goal of photovoltaics is to harness this energy for use by converting it to electrical power. Advances in PV technology allow for higher efficiencies, increasing the viability and the presence of photovoltaics in the world. YaroslawBagriy and Tyler Denis 5/7/14

  2. Outline • Definitions • Efficiency • Materials and Approaches • Worldwide Statistics and Applications • Advantages and Disadvantages • Summary • References • Key Concepts

  3. Definitions • Photovoltaics • Solar radiation to direct electrical current • Generations • First – pn junction • Second – Thin film • Third - Multilayer • Production • Deposition • Lattice Matching • Nominal Power • Watt-peak, Wp Basic pn junction solar cell operation http://www.liv.ac.uk/media/livacuk/renewableenergy/images/pvfig3.gif

  4. Efficiency • The efficiency of a solar cell is defined as the ratio of output electrical power to incident optical power. • Solar constant: ~1.36 kW/m2

  5. http://www.nrel.gov/ncpv/images/efficiency_chart.jpg

  6. Multicolor/Multijunction Cells • Layering of materials • Multiple bandgaps • III-V tandems http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S136970210770278X http://www.nrel.gov/pv/multijunction.html

  7. Perovskite Solar Cells • Perovskite Video “On right, a SEM shows the layered structure of a research type organo lead trihalideperovskite solar cell. On left, a graphic shows how charge moves across these layers.” http://cen.acs.org/articles/92/i8/Tapping-Solar-Power-Perovskites.html

  8. Concentrated Photovoltaics (CPV) • Low Concentration PV (LCPV) • 2 – 100 suns • Medium Concentration PV • 100 – 300 suns • High Concentration PV (HCPV) • 300+ suns, 500 to 1000 suns are typical • Multijunction cells have a lower temperature coefficient than silicon • Compensates for increased cost of multijunction cells

  9. Concentrated Photovoltaics (CPV) Amonix CPV Array Left - http://www.greenerideal.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/amonix-CPV-modules.jpg Right - http://www.solarfeeds.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/cpv-solfocus.jpg

  10. 3D Solar Cells The 3D structure “traps” and reflects photons, increasing the probability of generating an electron-hole pair. This allows for a wider angle of incident light. Produced on silicon, and is therefore cheap and very cost effective. SEM image of 3D photovoltaic structure All images from Solar3D, http://www.solar3d.com/technology.php

  11. 3D Solar Cells Source: http://www.solar3d.com/technology.php

  12. Worldwide Production Source: EPIA Market Report 2013

  13. Worldwide Energy Usage Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy

  14. Advantages and Disadvantages • Advantages • Once manufactured, photovoltaic cells produce pollution-free energy. • Costs of mass production are decreasing as performance is increasing compared to other energy sources. • Efficiencies are quickly increasing; projections indicate that higher efficiencies will soon be met. • Disadvantages • The sun is not always shining; alternative methods are required to store energy. • Can be very expensive to produce advanced photovoltaic cells. • Must be maintained to prevent degradation of performance (dust build up, cell failure, etc.).

  15. Summary and Conclusion • There are many methods of producing photovoltaic cells and the technology, and therefore the efficiency, is rapidly increasing. • Advances in photovoltaics are not solely based on new materials but also new methods of producing photovoltaics. • The biggest issue with solar power generation is the storage of energy when sunlight is not present.

  16. References • Jacoby, Mitch. "Tapping Solar Power With Perovskites." CEN RSS. C&EN, 24 Feb. 2014. Web. 04 May 2014. <http://cen.acs.org/articles/92/i8/Tapping-Solar-Power-Perovskites.html>. • Conibeer, Gavin. "Third-generation Photovoltaics." Third-generation Photovoltaics. MaterialsToday, Nov. 2007. Web. 04 May 2014. <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S136970210770278X>. • "Technology." Solar3D. Solar3D, 2010. Web. 04 May 2014. <http://www.solar3d.com/technology.php>. • "Market Report 2013." EPIA. European Photovoltaic Industry Association, 2013. Web. 4 May 2014. <http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epia.org%2Findex.php%3FeID%3Dtx_nawsecuredl%26u%3D0%26file%3D%2Fuploads%2Ftx_epiapublications%2FMarket_Report_2013_02.pdf%26t%3D1399341576%26hash%3Dfb2b8b02239998d0c5a33d10000e66f754fc8dc1>. • "NREL: Photovoltaics Research Home Page." NREL: Photovoltaics Research Home Page. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 May 2014. <http://www.nrel.gov/pv/>.

  17. Five Key Concepts • The goal of advanced photovoltaics is to increase the efficiency of converting solar energy into usable electrical energy. • Increasing the number of energy levels by adding more layers of materials will increase the chances of producing electron-hole pairs. • A 3D photovoltaic structure allows for light to generate electricity at wider angles. • By concentrating light onto a small multijunction cell, the solar constant (optical power) is increased. • The greatest issue with photovoltaics is currently with storing the energy that is produced.

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