Which two Muslim cities served as political and administrative centers of Muslim empires? Baghdad

1. Which two Muslim cities served as political and administrative centers of Muslim empires? • Baghdad • Istanbul • Mecca • Mogadishu • Medina • I and III • II and IV • I and II • III and V

2. Today: 10/7 and 10/8 • Practice Question • Reading Quiz • Look at Reading Guide • Lecture • Exit Objective: Students will be able to describe how Family group traditions and a new religion created a new Post-Classical Empire

3. Chapter 6 The First Global Civilization: The Rise and Spread of Islam

4. Introduction • Difference between the terms Arab and Islam • They do not mean the same thing • 1st Global Civilization • What do you think this means??? • Very unique development of an empire that expanded throughout the known world. • Centralization as well as a unifying factor of Religion • Spread very fast

5. 4 developments define postclassical centuries • Islamic civilization spread politically and culturally into Asia, Europe and Africa • Civilizations expanded into new world regions • The great world religions gained adherent from peoples once following local belief structures • The creation of a world network linking many of the individual civilizations

6. In this beginning • Arab Peninsula • Bedouin Societies  Nomadic • Herders • Trade routs • Clan/family ties

7. Clan Life • A way to survive in a VERY harsh environment • Subsistence living • Water  constant struggle • Kin related. So Families made up the Clan • Survival depended on cooperation, support and loyalty. • If you were kicked out of your clan you would most likely DIE • Culture of violence

8. Tribes • Clans were smaller family groups • Larger Tribal groups would come together in times of hardship and war • They usually didn’t get along Tribe Family Clan Family Clan Family Clan Family Clan Family Clan

9. Culture of Violence • Clans would feud with each other • Could last for hundreds of years • Revenge is a major part of the culture

10. Organization • Unlike prehistory nomads, there is a great variation of wealth and power • Even within the clan Shaykhs Warriors (and their families) Slave families

11. Trade • Another major aspect of the culture • Small communities did develop in certain places to help facilitate trade • Mecca: • Founded by the Umayyad Clan of the Quraysh Tribe • Very affluent • Ka’ba: located here and is part of the pre-Islamic religion • Medina: • Established as an Oasis • Very agricultural • Controlled by multiple clans that didn’t get along • Meant that Medina was not very strong

13. Women • What do you think the gender relations were like in the Bedouin communities??? • Not like pre-history equality • Women were not equal but may have had more rights • Depended a lot of the individual clans

14. Religion Before and During Muhammad • Before: • The clans blended animism and polytheism • Met the needs of their individual clan • Allah: • Qurayshtribe’s supreme god • Ka’ba was used as a religious place for multiple gods

15. During Muhammad • “The hardships of Muhammad’s early life underscores the importance of Clan ties in the Arabian world” • Muhammad • Born into a prominent clan of the QurayshTribe • Educated with the clan to be a merchant • During his caravan travels he met Christians and Jews • He was aware of the Monotheistic traditions developing • c. 610 He started receiving messages from Allah through the angle Gabriel

16. Islam • Started very small • Muhammad was very respected so it helped to get his message out • So much fighting between tribes there was nothing to bring them together (unite them) • They were Arab but it was not a unifying factor • Islam provided a religion that was distinctly Arab and equal to other religions • Provided a possible end to the fighting

17. Ok so how did this all work • Muhammad settled disputes in Medina making it a stronger community • Umayyad didn’t like this because it threatened their trade • They attack Muhammad and his followers • After victory Muhammad was able to travel back to Mecca to the Ka’ba • Proved to be strong both as a man and a religion

18. Something to bring us together • Islam gave a common identity to the Arab world • Umma community of Faithful • This would rise above old tribal and clan boundaries • The Qur’an and Muhammad’s teachings would be incorporated into laws ISLAM Tribe Clans Tribe Clans Tribe Clans Tribe Clans

19. BUT. . . • After Muhammad’s death many of the tribes renounced the faith and tired to return to old ways • The split • New leaders needed to be found and then they had to force those who left to return • This was a more Arab empire in the beginning

20. Successor Issue • After Muhammad’s death: • They had to decide on a Caliph to be the political and religion successor • Who do we choose ??? • This Split • Shi’a: The successor should be a member of Muhammad’s family • Sunni: The successor should be the strongest • Umayads

21. Umayyad Dynasty • Arab conquest that began during the search for a successor continued • They wanted booty: that means riches • Didn’t worry so much about conversion • Have to share the booty • Dhimmi: people of the book • Damascus becomes the political center

22. Umayyad decline • They began to move away from the simple, frugal life that Muhammad taught • Were very centered around family ties and nothing else • Abbasids began to grow angry and wanted power • Used the Mawali (non Arab Muslims) and Shi’a to help them gain the power • Come to dinner • Reject those that helped them after they took power