REALLY OLD STUFF

1. REALLY OLD STUFF 600 CE to 1450 CE

2. Interaction of cultures • Both positive and negative • Tremendous growth in long-distance trade • Improved boats, roads, monetary systems, lines of credit and accounting methods • Trade a big deal • Getting stuff is a huge incentive behind interactions • if not into conquest • Can be isolated only when have everything you need

3. Cultural Diffusion and spread of disease as well as movement of goods

4. Mediterranean Trade • Hanseatic League • Silk Road • Mongols land routes • China and Japan • India and Persia • Trans-Saharan trade

5. HANSEATIC LEAGUE • Collection of city states in Baltic and North Sea regions of Europe • Banded together for common trade practices • 100 cities • Resulted in middle class growth • Set a precedent for large European trading operations

6. SILK ROADS • Used heavily during reign of Mongols • East meets the West • Carried • Silk • Porcelain • Paper • Military technologies • Religions • Food

7. Silk Routes

8. Mediterranean Circuits

9. Indian Ocean Trade • Dominated by Persians and Arabs • Boats could handle large waves • Monsoon seasons • Wind direction • Sailors married local women, cultures intermixed

10. Indian Ocean

12. Trans-Saharan Trade

13. Trans-American trade

14. Religious Connections

15. CULTURE CLASH • Mongol expansion into Russia, Persia, India and China • Germanic tribes to S. Europe • Vikings expansion into England and W. Europe • Islamic Empire’s push into Spain, India, and Africa • The Crusades • Buddhist missionaries to Japan • Orthodox Christian missionaries into eastern Europe

16. Impact of Mongols: Blessing or a Curse

17. Two Bullies • Crusaders and Jihad • Left Holy Land in violence and uncertainty • Most of region remained in the hands of the Muslim Arabs • Whole mess led to centuries of mistrust and intolerance between Christians and Muslims

19. Motivation: religious and economic and political • Death, rape, pillage and slavery perpetrated in the name of religion • Led to interactions between cultures • Fueled trade and exchange of ideas • Led to Europe’s rediscovery of its ancient past

20. People on the Move • Over crowding • More opportunities • Empires built new cities to flaunt itself • Pilgrimages

21. Technology

22. WOMEN • Restrictions depended on class and caste • At upper levels could assume leadership roles if not male heir • But generally upper class women had further restrictions • Increased veiling, foot binding, young marriage age

23. In Africa • Not much change • Matrilineal societies • Considered valuable source of wealth • Women less eager to convert to Islam or Christianity

24. In China and Japan • More access to education

25. KEY EVENTS • The Rise of Islam • Developments in Europe and the Byzantine Empire • Developments in China, Japan and India • The Rise and fall of the Mongols • Developments in Africa • Developments in the Americas

26. Islamic Empires • Umayyad • Convert or pay a tax • Expanding empire • Controlled southern Iberia and part of Italy • Charles Martel stopped the advance in Europe • Muslims split into two

28. Abbasid Dynasty • 750 until 1258 • Defeated by Mongols • Golden Age • Credit , itemized receipts and bills (banks) • Medical ,mathematics (algebra) • Paper money idea came from China • Libraries, universities, • location allowed them to monopolize trade routes

29. Sufis were missionaries • Qu’ran restored and granted more rights to women • Could retain property rights in a divorce • Infanticide made illegal • Men could marry 4 wives, women only once • Internal dissension • External invasion

30. Islamic World: Dar al-Islam • Expanding cultural, economic and political influence Al-Andalus/ Islamic Spain North and West Africa Indian Ocean: East Africa, India, SE Asia • Technological accomplishments: astrolabe, algebra, philosophy, cartography…

31. Al-Andalus

32. Islamic World: Sample Comparisons • Compare Islam to Christianity • Compare Islamic contacts with Europe and with Africa • Crusades- points of view compared • Compare gender changes • Compare support/ patronage of arts and sciences

33. Byzantine Empire • Orthodox Christianity • Not led by Pope • Influenced the East • Absolute authority by emperors • Justinian • rivals for cultural supremacy with Baghdad • Justinian Code • Flowering of arts and sciences • Hagia Sophia

36. Contrast • Orthodoxy and Roman Catholics • For stability • One in head of state • One in head of church • East a secular Empire • West a religious Empire • Russia adopted Orthodox-set it separate from other European nations

37. Developments in Europe • Franks: King Clovis • Unified from Germany into France • Allowed various peoples to unify • Made it easier to repel Muslims • Charles Martel • Founded the Carolingian Dynasty • Grandson Charles crowned by Pope • Charlemagne (Charles the Great) • Holy Roman Empire • Feudalistic

40. Europe • Break in eastern and Western Christendom: political significance? • Religious schisms compared: Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholicism Mahayana and Theravada Buddhism Sunni/ Shiite in Islam

41. Europe • Restructuring of institutions Role of religion: Papacy, Crusades, architecture and education Development of feudalism Comparison of feudalism in Europe and Japan Increasing importance of monarchy over church

42. Feudalism • Nobles • Vassals • Peasants (serfs) • Fiefs • Manors • Three-field system • Code of chivalry • Male dominated • Women could inherit by not control , education limited to household skills

43. Trade increased middle class • Towns chartered • Towns united • Drive towards nationhood • Increased mobility within the classes

44. Churches : Artistic achievements • Questioning of church due to exposure to new ideas heresies • Universities and scholasticism • Pope Innocent III • Heretics and Jews punished • Sacked Constantinople • Pope Gregory set up Inquisition • Thomas Aquinas • Faith and reason not in conflict

46. Black Death • 1/3 population gone • Feudal hierarchies obsolete • Religious hatred intensified • People lost faith in power of the Church

48. Vikings • Bad reputation from raiding monasteries • Constantinople to Canada • In France known as Normans (north-men) • Converted to Christianity • Catholic Church one of most powerful institutions in the world

49. Spain • Isabella and Ferdinand • Marriage united country • Spanish Inquisition

50. Russia • Mongols (tatars) • Ivan III , czar • Ivan the terrible