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Union Station Expansion

Signature Expression. Union Station Expansion. Washington DC. Joseph W. Wilcher III Structural Option B.A.E./M.A.E. Candidate Faculty Advisor: M.K. Parfitt. Location. Presentation Guideline. Located Within Block 720 Along H-Street Overpass in Washington DC [1.5 Miles From

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Union Station Expansion

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  1. Signature Expression Union Station Expansion Washington DC Joseph W. Wilcher III Structural Option B.A.E./M.A.E. Candidate Faculty Advisor: M.K. Parfitt

  2. Location Presentation Guideline • Located Within Block 720 Along • H-Street Overpass in • Washington DC [1.5 Miles From • Capitol Hill] Existing Location Building Statistics History Thesis Signature Architecture • C-M-3 Zoning Area [High Bulk • Commercial & Manufacturing] Lighting Conclusion Joseph W. Wilcher III Thesis Presentation Union Station Expansion Structural Option Faculty Advisor: M.K. Parfitt Washington DC

  3. Building Statistics Presentation Guideline • Size: 329,000 Square Feet • Function: Mixed Transportation With Office Spacing & Parking • Height: 88’-2 • Stories: 5 • Floor Slab: 2-Way Post Tension Slab w/ Post Tension Beams & Girders • Columns: 28” x 28” Typical • Lateral: Ordinary Concrete Moment Frames Existing Location Building Statistics History Thesis Signature Architecture Lighting Conclusion Joseph W. Wilcher III Thesis Presentation Union Station Expansion Structural Option Faculty Advisor: M.K. Parfitt Washington DC

  4. History Presentation Guideline • Existing Portion OF Union Station Was Built in The • Mid 1980’s Existing • Glass Curtain Wall History • Designed For Travelers To View The City of • Washington DC Thesis • Office Spaces Share The View Signature Architecture Lighting Conclusion Joseph W. Wilcher III Thesis Presentation Union Station Expansion Structural Option Faculty Advisor: M.K. Parfitt Washington DC

  5. Proposal Presentation Guideline • Design Considerations For Expansion [Design Firm] • Long Spans Due To Track Level & Ground Floor • Weight Of Building • Minimum Slab Thickness • Circulation Existing History Proposal Thesis Goals Depth & Breadths Signature What About An Expression For The Expansion? Architecture Design A Signature Expression That Integrates Structural Engineering & Architecture That Will Make The Expansion To Union Station Stand Out As A Separate Building Lighting Conclusion Joseph W. Wilcher III Thesis Presentation Union Station Expansion Structural Option Faculty Advisor: M.K. Parfitt Washington DC

  6. Goals Presentation Guideline • 1. Redesign Mezzanine through Third Floor With A New Floor System Existing • 2. Design A Transfer System Using Trusses • Signature Expression Of Structural Engineering & Architecture History Proposal 3. Incorporate Brace Frames As Lateral System Thesis Goals 4. Verify Support of Foundation 5. Determine Vehicular Circulation For Bus Terminal Depth & Breadths Signature 6. Move Waiting Terminals / Ticket Reception Areas • 7. Incorporate New Lighting Schemes • Trusses • Waiting Terminal Architecture Lighting Conclusion Joseph W. Wilcher III Thesis Presentation Union Station Expansion Structural Option Faculty Advisor: M.K. Parfitt Washington DC

  7. Depth & Breadths Presentation Guideline • Structural Depth [Signature] • Composite Steel Floor System • Location Of Trusses • Design Of Trusses [Architecture Breadth] • Loads Within Members Of Trusses • Preliminary Member Sizes For Trusses • Curved Tension Members • Lateral Resisting System • Steel Connections [M.A.E. Criteria] • Final Member Sizes For Trusses • Architectural Breadth [Architecture] • Vehicular Circulation • Waiting Terminals • Ground Floor Plan • Lighting Breadth [Lighting] • Illumination of Trusses • Luminaries For Waiting Terminal • Lumen Method Existing History Proposal Thesis Goals Depth & Breadths Signature Architecture Lighting Conclusion Joseph W. Wilcher III Thesis Presentation Union Station Expansion Structural Option Faculty Advisor: M.K. Parfitt Washington DC

  8. Floor System Presentation Guideline • Metal Deck • Vulcraft 2VLI16 Metal Deck Selected [Weight = 51 psf] • Slab Thickness = 6 ¼” • Existing Slab Thickness = 7 ½” [Reduction of 1 ¼”] Existing Floor System Truss Location History • Beams & Girders • Designed Using LRFD [1.2D + 1.6L+0.5S] • Partial Composite Design W/ Hand Calculations • Full Composite Design W/ RAM Truss Design Thesis Forces Within Trusses Signature Preliminary Sizes Curved Members Architecture Lateral System Lighting Connections Conclusion Final Member Sizes • Mezzanine Plan • 1st Through Roof Plan Joseph W. Wilcher III Thesis Presentation Union Station Expansion Structural Option Faculty Advisor: M.K. Parfitt Washington DC

  9. Truss Location Presentation Guideline Mezzanine Level vs. Ground Floor Existing Floor System Truss Location History Truss Design Thesis Forces Within Trusses Trusses Will Be Located On Ground Floor Signature Preliminary Sizes 9 Trusses To Be Designed Curved Members Architecture Lateral System Lighting Connections Conclusion Final Member Sizes • Mezzanine Plan • 1st Through Roof Plan Joseph W. Wilcher III Thesis Presentation Union Station Expansion Structural Option Faculty Advisor: M.K. Parfitt Washington DC

  10. Truss Design Presentation Guideline Existing Floor System Truss Location History • Final Iteration • Removed Zero Force Members • W-Shapes As Center Bracing • WT-Shapes As Top Chords • Design Flaws • How Will Busses Travel Under? • 1st Iteration • Tension Rods As Outer Bracing • Double Angles As Inner Bracing • Design Flaws • Buckling In Tension Rods • Significant Deflection In Outer Segments Truss Design Thesis Forces Within Trusses Signature Preliminary Sizes Curved Members Architecture Lateral System • 2nd Iteration • Tension Rods As Outer Bracing • Double Angles As Inner Bracing • HSS Shapes For Columns • Wide Flanges For Bottom Chords • Design Flaws • Diagonal Bracing Congested • Looks Typical Lighting Connections Conclusion Final Member Sizes Joseph W. Wilcher III Thesis Presentation Union Station Expansion Structural Option Faculty Advisor: M.K. Parfitt Washington DC

  11. Truss Design Presentation Guideline Existing Floor System Truss Location History Exterior Truss Truss Design Thesis Forces Within Trusses Signature Preliminary Sizes Curved Members Architecture Lateral System Interior Truss Lighting Connections Conclusion Final Member Sizes Ground Floor Joseph W. Wilcher III Thesis Presentation Union Station Expansion Structural Option Faculty Advisor: M.K. Parfitt Washington DC

  12. Forces Within Trusses Presentation Guideline 337.90 K 578.80 K 578.80 K 578.80 K 578.80 K 307.83 K 72.64 K Existing Floor System Truss Location • 1 2 3 4 5 6 History • 9 10 11 12 13 14 • 15 16 17 18 19 20 Truss Design • 7 8 409.1 K 409.1 K Thesis Forces Within Trusses 591.28 K 1210 K 1030 K 206.93 K Signature Preliminary Sizes Curved Members Architecture Lateral System Lighting Connections Conclusion Final Member Sizes Ground Floor Joseph W. Wilcher III Thesis Presentation Union Station Expansion Structural Option Faculty Advisor: M.K. Parfitt Washington DC

  13. Preliminary Sizes Presentation Guideline • 1 2 3 4 5 6 Existing Floor System • 9 10 11 12 13 14 • 15 16 17 18 19 20 • 7 8 Truss Location History Truss Design Thesis Forces Within Trusses Signature Preliminary Sizes • AISC Steel Manual Tables Used In Determining Preliminary Sizes • Columns: Table 4-1 • Bottom Chords: Table 5-1 • Top Chords: Table 4-7 • Bracing: Table 1-13 Curved Members Architecture Lateral System Lighting Connections Conclusion Final Member Sizes Ground Floor Joseph W. Wilcher III Thesis Presentation Union Station Expansion Structural Option Faculty Advisor: M.K. Parfitt Washington DC

  14. Curved Members Presentation Guideline Existing Floor System Truss Location History • Curved Tension Members Must Be Checked For Moment That Wants The Member to Go Into Compression • Divided Members Into 25 Equal Pieces Along The Radius Truss Design Thesis Forces Within Trusses Signature Preliminary Sizes • Looking At Truss 2 • Max Mu = 3144.60 ft-k • Occurs Within Section 11 of Member • Preliminary Size Is HSS 10.00x0.500 Curved Members Architecture Lateral System • Using AISC Steel Manual [Table 4-5] • R = 313 k • KL = 23.42 • ΦPn = 343 ft-k > R Therefore Ok Lighting Connections Conclusion Final Member Sizes HSS 10.00x0.500 IS Acceptable Ground Floor Joseph W. Wilcher III Thesis Presentation Union Station Expansion Structural Option Faculty Advisor: M.K. Parfitt Washington DC

  15. Lateral System Presentation Guideline • Steel Brace Frames Will Act As New Lateral System • Location Of Frames Is To Prevent Any Problems W/ Vehicular Circulation • 3 Frames Are Part Of Trusses • Frame A Truss 1 • Frame B Truss 5 • Frame C Truss 6 Frame D Existing Floor System Frame 4 Truss Location History Truss Design Thesis Frame 3 Forces Within Trusses 1 Frame C A 3 B & C Signature Frame 2 Preliminary Sizes Frame B D Curved Members Architecture Lateral System 2 Lighting Connections Frame 1 4 Conclusion Final Member Sizes Frame A Joseph W. Wilcher III Thesis Presentation Union Station Expansion Structural Option Faculty Advisor: M.K. Parfitt Washington DC

  16. Lateral System Presentation Guideline • ASCE 7-05 Used In Determining Wind & Seismic Criteria • Preliminary Member Sizes Were Determined In RAM For Brace Frames • Wide Flange Columns And Bracing That Are Part Of The Trusses Were Resized To Handle Lateral Forces • SAP Was Used To Determine The Story Drifts Frame D Existing Floor System Frame 4 Truss Location History Truss Design Thesis Frame 3 Forces Within Trusses Frame C Signature Frame 2 Preliminary Sizes Frame B Curved Members Architecture Lateral System Lighting Connections Frame 1 Conclusion Final Member Sizes Frame A Joseph W. Wilcher III Thesis Presentation Union Station Expansion Structural Option Faculty Advisor: M.K. Parfitt Washington DC

  17. Connections Presentation Guideline • Plate Connections • Connected To Web OF Column • Fillet Weld Around Perimeter Of Plate • Table 8-6 Used From Steel Manual • E70XX Electrode Used • Pin Connections • A992 Steel Used For Plates • Exterior Trusses: Single Bolt • Interior Trusses: Double Bolt • Each Truss Consists Of 26 Connections • Three Types Of Connections: • Pin • Heavy Brace • Gusset Plate • All Connection Designs Followed AISC Criteria Existing Floor System Truss Location History Truss Design Thesis Forces Within Trusses Signature Preliminary Sizes Curved Members Architecture Lateral System Lighting Connections Conclusion Final Member Sizes Joseph W. Wilcher III Thesis Presentation Union Station Expansion Structural Option Faculty Advisor: M.K. Parfitt Washington DC

  18. Connections Presentation Guideline • Heavy Brace Connection • Uniform Force Method Used To Prevent Moment Occurring In Connection • Forces Occurring In Connection Are Shear In Column & Pull Out In Beam • WT7x41 Will Be used To Take Care of The Pull Out Force • Each Truss Consists Of 26 Connections • Three Types Of Connections: • Pin • Heavy Brace • Gusset Plate • All Connection Designs Followed AISC Criteria Limit States Brace Bolt Shear Brace-To-Gusset Angles Gusset Gusset-To-Bottom Chord Gusset-To-Column Connection Existing Floor System Truss Location History Truss Design Thesis Forces Within Trusses Signature Preliminary Sizes Curved Members Architecture Lateral System Lighting Connections Conclusion Final Member Sizes Joseph W. Wilcher III Thesis Presentation Union Station Expansion Structural Option Faculty Advisor: M.K. Parfitt Washington DC

  19. Final Member Sizes Presentation Guideline • 1 2 3 4 5 6 • 1 2 3 4 5 6 • 15 16 17 18 19 20 Existing Floor System • 9 10 11 12 13 14 • 9 10 11 12 13 14 • 15 16 17 18 19 20 • 7 8 • 7 8 Truss Location History Truss Design Thesis Forces Within Trusses Signature Preliminary Sizes • All Final Member Sizes Were the Same As The Preliminary • Moment Within Tension Bracing Does Not Increase The Size of The HSS Member Curved Members • Final Member Sizes Were the Same As The Preliminary Ones Except: • Member 3 & 4: WT15x95.5 To WT20x251.5 • Member 11 & 12: W14x99 To W14x159 • Member 17 & 18: W14x145 To W14x257 Architecture Lateral System Lighting Connections Conclusion Final Member Sizes Joseph W. Wilcher III Thesis Presentation Union Station Expansion Structural Option Faculty Advisor: M.K. Parfitt Washington DC

  20. Vehicular Circulation Presentation Guideline Existing History Thesis Signature Vehicular Circulation Architecture Waiting Terminals Lighting Conclusion Joseph W. Wilcher III Thesis Presentation Union Station Expansion Structural Option Faculty Advisor: M.K. Parfitt Washington DC

  21. Waiting Terminals Presentation Guideline Existing History Thesis Signature Vehicular Circulation Architecture Waiting Terminals Lighting Conclusion Joseph W. Wilcher III Thesis Presentation Union Station Expansion Structural Option Faculty Advisor: M.K. Parfitt Washington DC

  22. Illumination Of Trusses Presentation Guideline • LED Selection • Selected Philips’s ew Graze Powercore Linear 4’-0” Stirp • Main Function Is To Emphasis A Façade Or Structure • Recently Used To Highlight The Marriott Custom House Tower In Boston • Trusses • Will Be used To Highlight The Trusses From The Ground Up • 5 Foot Candles Will Be The Illuminance For A Height Of 18’-0” • Six Of The Four Foot Strips Will Be Placed At Each 31’-6” Segment Of The Trusses • LEDs Are Only Intended For Illuminating The Trusses Existing History Thesis Signature Architecture Illumination Of Trusses Lighting Luminaries Lumen Method Conclusion Joseph W. Wilcher III Thesis Presentation Union Station Expansion Structural Option Faculty Advisor: M.K. Parfitt Washington DC

  23. Luminaries Presentation Guideline • Illuminance Categories Found In Chapter 10 IESNA Design Manual • Ticket Counters Will Be Located In The Waiting Terminals • Min Of 50 fc Required For Waiting Terminals Existing History Thesis • Selected The Avante 2x4 Direct/Indirect Lighting Luminarie • 3 T8 32 Watt Lamps Will Be Used • Selected A Sylvania QHE 3x32 T8/UNV ISH-SC Ballast [Factor Of 1.18] Signature Architecture Illumination Of Trusses Lighting Luminaries Lumen Method Conclusion Joseph W. Wilcher III Thesis Presentation Union Station Expansion Structural Option Faculty Advisor: M.K. Parfitt Washington DC

  24. Lumen Method Presentation Guideline • Waiting Terminal One • 35’-0” x 35’-0” Ceiling • 10’ High Recessed Ceiling • 2’x2’ Ceiling Grid Used Existing • Procedure • Cavity Heights: • Ceiling = 0 ft • Room = 6.5 ft • Floor [Work Plane] = 3.5 ft • Used 80/60/30 As Cavity Reflectance Values • Coefficient OF Utilization = 0.67 • Light Loss Factor = 0.978 • From Calculations: 10.98 Luminaries Needed For 50 fc History Thesis Signature Architecture Illumination Of Trusses Lighting Luminaries Lumen Method Conclusion 12 Luminaries Will BE Used For Waiting Terminal Joseph W. Wilcher III Thesis Presentation Union Station Expansion Structural Option Faculty Advisor: M.K. Parfitt Washington DC

  25. Goals Presentation Guideline • 1. Redesign Mezzanine through Third Floor With A New Floor System Existing • 2. Design A Transfer System Using Trusses • Signature Expression Of Structural Engineering & Architecture History 3. Incorporate Brace Frames As Lateral System Thesis 4. Verify Support of Foundation 5. Determine Vehicular Circulation For Bus Terminal Signature 6. Move Waiting Terminals / Ticket Reception Areas • 7. Incorporate New Lighting Schemes • Trusses • Waiting Terminal Architecture Lighting Goals Conclusion Acknowledgements Joseph W. Wilcher III Thesis Presentation Union Station Expansion Structural Option Faculty Advisor: M.K. Parfitt Washington DC

  26. Acknowledgements Presentation Guideline • Firms • RTKL Associates, Inc. • Clark Construction • Timothy Haahs & Associates • Mr. Kevin Carrigan, PE • Mr. Sun-Hee Wang, PE • The Pennsylvania State University • Professor Parfitt: Thesis Advisor • Dr. Hanagan: Connections • Dr. Memari: Lateral • Dr. Mistrick: Lighting • The Entire AE Faculty & Staff • Family • C. Wilcher • J. Wilcher • M. Wilcher • The Rest Of My Family • Friends • Thank You For Your Support • 5th Year Architectural Engineering Class • Thank You For All Of Your Insight & Good Times Existing History Thesis Signature Architecture Lighting Criteria Goals Conclusion Acknowledgements Joseph W. Wilcher III Thesis Presentation Union Station Expansion Structural Option Faculty Advisor: M.K. Parfitt Washington DC

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