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Ch 31 1945 - 1975

Ch 31 1945 - 1975. Main Topics: The Cold War - impact on Europe, U.S. and everywhere else! Decolonization and Nation Building - Africa, Middle East, S.E. Asia. The Cold War Post WWII - 1991. U.S. vs. U.S.S.R Capitalism and Democracy vs. Communism and Dictatorship

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Ch 31 1945 - 1975

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  1. Ch 311945 - 1975 • Main Topics: • The Cold War - impact on Europe, U.S. and everywhere else! • Decolonization and Nation Building - Africa, Middle East, S.E. Asia

  2. The Cold WarPost WWII - 1991 U.S. vs. U.S.S.R Capitalism and Democracy vs. Communism and Dictatorship free-trade capitalism, consumer economy vs. command system, heavy industry higher standard of living vs. lower standard of living Both superpowers had nuclear weapons Both threatened to use them

  3. The Cold War creates a polarized world NATO v. Warsaw Pact - military alliances Eastern European nations turned into Soviet satellite states Truman Doctrine = Marshall Plan Soviet response = Comecon Marshall Plan European Recovery Plan = economic aid

  4. League of Nations Fascist Aggression = WWII United Nations United Nations Main Message? The General Assembly The Security Council: veto power U.S. China France Britain Soviet Union Main Message?

  5. European Economic Cooperation and unity World Wide: Bretton Woods, New Hampshire = International Monetary Fund (IMF) or the World Bank - grant loans for development with conditions attached European only: 1992 Treaty of Maastricht European Union EU Treaty of Rome 1957 European Economic Community Common Market 1948 Organization of European Economic Cooperation (OEEC) = coal and steel lower and finally remove tariffs between member nations resulting in free movement of people, capital and services between nations that are members

  6. Soviet economy and those of their satellite nations • a command economy • economy geared towards heavy industry not consumer goods = lower standard of living • not meeting domestic demand of population = not enough cars, housing, food, electronics, etc. • collectivization of agriculture

  7. Cold War in Europe • A promise was made to provide military aid any country resisting a threat of Communist take-over (Greece and Turkey) = Truman Doctrine = Marshall Plan = provided funds to Western European countries to rebuild after WWII • 1948 -1949 Berlin Blockade by Soviet Union = Berlin Airlift by U.S. • 1961 Berlin Wall built • 1956 Soviet troops and tanks stop revolts in Hungary to overthrow Communism • 1968 Soviet troops and tanks stop revolts in Czechoslovakia to overthrow Communism • NATO vs. Warsaw Pact

  8. U.S. foreign policy1945 - 1975 • anything but isolationist • “domino theory” used to justify involvement in Vietnam • policy of containment

  9. Cold War’s impact on E. Asia Korean War 1950 - 1953 North Korea - Communist - supported by People’s Republic of China End of war 38th parallel line separates both countries South Korea - non-Communist - supported by U.S.

  10. Cold War in S.E. Asia Timeline: 1954 = France loses colony = Indochina 1960 = Kennedy begins sending soldiers to aid South Vietnam 1963 = President Johnson escalates involvement 1973 = President Nixon gradually begins pulling out troops capital of North Vietnam Ho Chin Minh Nationalist, Communist leader of Viet Minh nationalist group Viet Cong guerrilla fighters capital of South Vietnam U.S. supports rule of President Ngo Dinh Diem of South Vietnam

  11. Cold War in Latin America Crisis? Year? Soviet leader? U.S. leader? Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 Nikita Khrushchev John F. Kennedy

  12. Result: “Thawing out”Relaxing Cold War tensions • NPT - Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty signed by several countries • Helsinki Accords - What agreements were reached? The West recognized the post WW II borders of Soviet Union which included Baltic States Soviet Union agreed to respect human rights

  13. Independence - Name the region? Algerian Revolt 1954 Algerian Independence 1962 India - 1947 French President = Charles deGaulle Nationalist groups demanding independence in Africa were made up of western educated, middle class Africans and African veterans of Allied armies 1949 Achmad Sukarno Dutch East Indies = Indonesia What African nation became the 1st to win independence? Ghana

  14. South Africa • Policy of apartheid introduced by white minority government after WWII - racial segregation • Explain how apartheid worked in South Africa? • ANC - Nelson Mandela - imprisoned in 1964 • Mandela released in 1990 • When did South Africa gain its independence? It’ll surprise you.... 1910 - British allowed Dutch Boer rule

  15. Latin America1945 - 1975 • Achieved independence in. . . • Between this era seeking. . . • Mexico - What did Revolution of 1910 accomplish? What did it not accomplish? • U.S. intervenes in Guatemala in 1954 - coup takes elected leader out of power with CIA intervention. U.S. feared he was allying country to Soviet Union 1820’s 1830’s economic independence an end to peasant and urban poverty Did the Cold War affect the politics of Latin America? Explain how.

  16. Latin America - Cuba • Cuban Socialist Revolution of 1959 - economic and social reforms • Before Revolution: • describe the rule of Fulgencio Batista • explain U.S. involvement in the Cuban economy • Revolution: guerilla warfare - Argentinian Ernest “Che” Guevara - helps Castro • After Revolution: • Property of foreigners and wealthy Cuban elites was seized and nationalized - redistribution of wealth - a command economy, allied with Soviet Union, single-party dictatorship established, censorship of dissidents, human rights violation, Cuban exiles in Miami • Failed Bay of Pigs invasion by Cuban exiles - 1961 • Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 (remember....who were the two leaders involved?) • Cuba is still a single-party dictatorship - slowly attempting to introduce capitalism

  17. Cold War and Independence U.S. U.S.S.R. First-World Nations capitalist economy democratic government Second-World Nations command economy dictatorship Third-World Countries nonaligned with either superpower But. . . .included: China Yugoslavia Was this a concern for the U.S.? Why?

  18. Nonaligned countries played both sides during the Cold War switched alliance when convenient, accepted aid from both superpowers What does this mean? What country would be a good example? Egypt How? Egypt accepted deal from U.S. to build the Aswan Dam. . . while buying arms from Soviet Union at the same time. Soviet Union ended up building dam for Egypt. What region are we discussing? What era?

  19. Arab-Israeli Conflict 1945-75 and beyond • 1948 State of Israel declared - Palestinians move to UN refugee camps in Jordan, Syria, Lebanon and Gaza Strip • 1952 - Nasser ousts Egyptian king in a coup, Nasser is a Pan-Arab nationalist that nationalized the Suez Canal - If aligned, what side would he have chosen? He remains nonaligned but accepts aid from both sides. • 1956 - U.K., France and Israel try to take back Suez Canal - U.N., U.S. and USSR stop them. • 1956 - U.S. offers to build Aswan Dam on the Nile River to generate electricity for Egypt. • 1967 - Six Day War - Israel preemptive attacks on Syrian and Egyptian air bases - expand its borders into Gaza Strip, Golan Heights and Jerusalem • 1970 - Anwar al-Sadat becomes Egyptian leader • 1973 - Yom Kippur War - Arab attack on Israel led by Egypt (using Soviet weapons) - UN steps in • 1973 - Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) formed in 1960 - embargo (prohibit) oil shipments to the U.S. to retaliate for U.S. support of Israel in Yom Kippur War • 1977 - Camp David talks - diplomacy attempted, Muslim fundamentalist kills Sadat for betraying the Arab world by agreeing to talks with Israel • non-governmental Arab representation: PLO - Palestinian Liberation Organization led by Yasir Arafat (died 2004) - guerrilla warfare • Extremism today - terrorism - more underground - transnational What drove the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. to become involved in the Arab-Israeli conflict of the Middle East?

  20. Economic Miracle • Refers to the economic success of nations after WWII • Japan benefited from the American military protection, which spared the government from high defense spendings. The same happened in West Germany, and both nations experienced tremendous economic growth in the postwar era. Referred to as the “economic miracle”

  21. Great Leap Forward 1958 - 1962 China1945 - 1975 Goal? industrialize China Difference between Stalin and Mao’s form of communism? Cultural Revolution 1965-1971 Soviet communism focused on proletariat whereas Mao’s communism focused on the peasantry. collectivization “backyard” industries The Red Guards were encouraged to lead purges against “bourgeois” teachers, parents and intellectuals Was it successful? 30 million deaths by 1962 What region is China in?

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