Four Freedoms

1. Four Freedoms FDR’s Ideas Norman Rockwell’s Art Freedom from Want Freedom of Speech Freedom of Worship Freedom from Fear

2. The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor (Source: Library of Congress).

3. The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. (Source: U.S. Navy, News Photo Division, Navy Office of Information.)

4. Rations Ration stamps became necessary during World War II when gasoline, tires, selected foodstuffs, and other products became scarce. These stamps were illustrated with patriotic symbols to suggest that rationing was a patriotic sacrifice, not a hardship. Young children often shopped for groceries with the ration stamps because their parents were working. (Sources: National Archives, and Scott Foresman Addison Wesley, Picture Research Dept.)

5. Navajo “Code Talkers” The Navaho and members of other American Indian tribes were especially useful as "code talkers" because their unwritten languages were indecipherable to the Axis enemies. (Library of Congress) Cpl. Henry Bake, Jr., and Pfc. George H. Kirk, Navajos serving in December 1943 with a Marine Corps signal unit, operate a portable radio set in a clearing that they have hacked in the dense jungle close behind the front lines. (NARA, 127-N-69889B)

6. WAVES and WACs Members of 5222d WAC Detachment, stationed at Hollandia, Dutch New Guinea, at work in the base finance office, 1945. (National Archives) WACs at U.S. Army base post office, England, sort mail destined for the ETO by military unit number, 1944. (National Archives)

7. Rosie the Riveter "Rosie the Riveter" became perhaps the most familiar symbol of women's contribution to the war effort during WWII. After the war ended, the government urged women to return to the traditional roles of wife and mother to make room for returning servicemen. (Library of Congress)

8. Rosie the Riveter These women are working in an airplane factory during World War II. Before the war was over, the United States produced 86,000 airplanes, all of which were vital to winning the war. (National Archives)

9. Rosie the Riveter This government poster celebrates the role of women in World War II defense plants, where they played a pivotal role in producing the necessary supplies for war. (National Archives) Rose Will Monroe worked at Ford's Willow Run Aircraft Factory in 1942 building military planes. While on duty, she caught the eye of Hollywood producers who were casting a film promoting war bonds. Monroe's self-sufficient, patriotic, plucky persona resulted in the renowned Rosie the Riveter "We Can Do It!" poster by J. Howard Miller.

10. Japanese Internment Before being sent to relocation centers, Japanese Americans in California, Oregon, and Washington had to sell all of their belongings and take only what they could carry with them to assembly centers such as this one in Los Angeles. (National Archives) Even young Japanese Americans (Nisei, as the second generation were known) born to U.S. citizenship were forced to give up their liberties due to the perceived wartime emergency. At the relocation camps, they would be taught such civics lessons as the importance of freedom in United States. (National Archives)

11. Japanese Internment Japanese-American family tagged and waiting to go to detention camp, photographed by Dorothea Lange in 1942. (National Archives) A mother and son, interned at a temporary relocation camp, pose with a picture of her older son wearing his U.S. Army uniform. Japanese Americans living on the West Coast faced grim conditions in remote internment camps. (National Archives, Still Pictures Branch)

12. Japanese Internment Mr. and Mrs. K. Iseri closed their drugstore in preparation for the forthcoming evacuation from "Little Tokyo" in Los Angeles after the United States entered World War II. (National Archives)

13. Atchison Village, WW2 housing complex built for shipyard workers Western Migration – Example of Richmond, California Miss Odie Mae Embry, one of the 1,000 skilled Negro women working at the Kaiser shipyards, Richmond, California, who helped build the SS George Washington Carver, launched on May 7, 1943. California shipyard workers. Workers on the day shift at the Richmond, California shipyards leaving the ferry in San Francisco. (Library of Congress)

14. THE SLEEPY LAGOON BOYS Group photo of the Sleepy Lagoon boys taken July 1943 at San Quentin Prison, California:(first row) Gus Zamora, Manuel Reyes, Bobby Telles, Manny Delgado, Jose "Chepe" Ruiz, Hank Ynostroza; (second row) Jack Melendez, Victor Thompson, Angel Padilla, John Y. Matuz,Ysmael "Smiles" Parra, Henry Leyvas.

15. Atomic Bomb Nagasaki after the atomic bomb attack on August 9, 1945. The attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki marked the beginning of the atomic age. (U.S. Air Force)

16. Atomic bomb test, part of Exercise Desert Rock, Ucca Flats, November 1, 1951. Photo taken by Cpl. McCauhey. (National Archives and Records Administration).

17. “Containment” and the Family I Love Lucy, (1953)

18. Senator Joseph R. McCarthy (19081957), ca. 1954(National Archives and Records Administration, Records of the U.S. Information Agency)

19. To Secure Justice in the Rosenberg Case. Circa 1951. (Michigan State University Library, Special Collections Division)

20. The Red Scare – Containing Communist Threats Ethel and Julius Rosenberg, 1942… and their sons Robert (left) and Michael Rosenberg (now Meeropol) after visiting parents in prison, 1953 http://www.here-now.org/shows/2003/06/20030618_5.asp

21. The Hollywood Ten (circa 1950). [Pamphlet: Michigan State University Library, Special Collections Division. Photo: Cinema Journal 39.2 (2000) 7.]

22. American Suburbs: Aerial view of Levittown, Pennsylvania. ed Latcham, ca. 1959. (National Archives and Records Administration)

23. Cold War Strategy – Massive Retaliation & Brinkmanship The explosion of a U.S. test bomb over an uninhabited island in the Pacific on November 1, 1952, demonstrated to the world the fearsome power of the hydrogen bomb. This early H-bomb was capable of destroying a city the size of Washington, D.C. (National Archives)

24. Civil Rights – Court Decisions – Sweatt v. Painter Despite hard work, Heman Sweatt found his law school experience very difficult at The University of Texas. He felt tremendous pressure to excel and became distracted by the publicity and prejudices he faced. [Center for American History, The University of Texas at Austin, Craft (Juanita Jewel Shanks) Collection, CN 02732] http://utopia.utexas.edu/explore/clark/sweatt.html

25. Civil Rights – Court Decisions – Hernandez v. Texas “This case gave civil rights protections to persons of Hispanic origin. In 1950, Pete Hernandez was charged with murder and convicted by an all-white jury in Jackson County, Texas. Like many Texas counties at the time, Jackson County systematically excluded Hispanic persons from jury service. On appeal to the Supreme Court, Hernandez argued that the equal protection guarantee of the U.S. Constitution protected persons from discrimination not just on the basis of race, but also on the basis of class. The Supreme Court agreed, and ruled that Hernandez had the constitutional right to be tried by a jury of his peers, and any system that excluded persons of his own class was invalid.” http://tarlton.law.utexas.edu/clark/hernandez.html

26. Civil Rights – Court Decisions – Psychological Effects of Segregation Kenneth Clark studied the impact of segregation on children by having them pick between playing with a white doll or a black doll. Invariably, children chose the white doll as this photo illustrates. (Library of Congress)

27. Civil Rights – Court Decisions – A Segregated School Children in segregated schools studied in wretched physical conditions but benefited from dedicated African American teachers. The Supreme Court struck down school segregation in the landmark 1954 case Brown v. Board of Education, arguing in its unanimous decision that separate facilities were inherently unequal. (Created Equal; Jones, et.al.; pg. 852)

28. Civil Rights – Court Decisions – An Integrated School Teacher Marjorie Beach with an integrated kindergarten class in Washington, D.C., as the school year began in September 1954 following the Supreme Court’s ruling in Brown v. Board of Education the previous spring. (Created Equal; Jones, et.al.; pg. 853).

29. Civil Rights – Montgomery Bus Boycott Photo of Rosa Parks fingerprinted after arrest on Montgomery, AL bus on December 1, 1955. AP photo from the Library of Congress. Rosa Parks sits in the front of a bus in Montgomery, Alabama, in 1956 after the U.S. Supreme Court ruled segregation illegal on the city's bus system. Behind Parks is Nicholas C. Chriss, a UPI reporter covering the event. UP photo, Library of Congress.

30. Civil Rights – Little Rock, Arkansas – Little Rock Nine. Little Rock Nine. Group of youth who entered Little Rock’s Central High School under a federal court order and with federal military protection. Eisenhower orders 1,000 paratroopers to Little Rock the protect the students and placed the National Guard under federal service. The soldiers stayed for one year.

31. “Sit-in Jackson, Mississippi, in June 1963” (Constructing the American Past, 251). Seated (left to right) Professor John Salter, students Joan Trumpauer, and Anne Moody. Source: http://www.hunterbear.org/Woolworth%20Sitin%20Jackson.htm

32. Another view of the sit-in in Jackson, Mississippi, in June 1963. Source: http://www.hunterbear.org/directory.htm

33. JOAN TRUMPAUER MULHOLLAND Freedom Rider, Mississippi activist Joan Trumpauer and Rev. Ed King, MS, 1963. (Joan's sweatshirt says: "Just a cracker from Georgia.") Sources: http://www.crmvet.org/images/imgband.htm http://www.sisters-shoulders.org/heroines2.html

34. HUNTER BEAR GRAY  [a.k.a. Professor JOHN R SALTER JR.] SNCC Civil Rights Activist American Indian tribal affiliations: Mi'kmaq/St. Francis Abenaki/St. Regis Mohawk Source: www.hunterbear.org

35. President John F. Kennedy President-elect John F. Kennedy shakes hands with Father Richard J. Casey, the pastor, after attending Mass at Holy Trinity Church [...] prior to inauguration ceremonies.

36. President Lyndon Baines Johnson “LBJ” Lyndon B. Johnson takes the presidential oath on Air Force One

37. “Black Power” Tommie Smith (gold medal) and John Carlos (bronze medal) famously performed the Black Power salute on the 200 m winners podium at the 1968 Olympics, Mexico City. The Six Original 'Black Panther Party for Self Defense' Members, Nov. 1966.

38. Afro Rake Source: http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/historyimages/#

39. New Left: Students for a Democratic Society Motto “We are the people of this generation, bred in at least moderate comfort, housed in universities, looking uncomfortably to the world we inherit.” Tom Hayden SDS co-founder, Berkeley, 1969 http://www.studentsforademocraticsociety.org/

40. Anti-war Movement Laurie Sandow, unknown V.V.A.W. member & Robert Mueller at anti-war march, 1971-72, NYC The Vietnam War sparked a tremendous amount of opposition that occasionally resulted in massive protests. Here, the army was called out to maintain order. Sometimes the protestors and the military personnel would clash. (National Archives) John Kerry with ex-Beatle John Lennon at anti-warprotest rally, NYC’s City's Bryant Park, Summer 1971.

41. Counterculture: Hippies Source: http://library.thinkquest.org/27942/indexf.htm

42. Feminism – Betty Friedan & The Feminist Mystique

43. Feminism – National Organization for Women

44. Sexual Revolution

45. Hispanic Rights: United Farm Workers

46. Chicano Movement: United Farm Workers: César Chávez on Hunger Strike with Robert Kennedy and Dolores Huerta (on far left).

47. American Indian Movement: March on Wounded Knee

48. The Gay Liberation Front The American Psychiatric Association categorized homosexuality as a mental disorder until 1973. One of the major social changes of the 1970s and 1980s was the willingness of gays and lesbians to express their sexual preferences publicly while demanding full legal and civil recognition. (Photodisc, Inc.)