Tradition in Transformation: Islamic Legal Thinking

1. Tradition in Transformation ISLAMIC LEGAL THINKING: PRACTICE & THEORY, IDEAL & REALITY

2. Replacing Shari'ah: Criminalizing the Personal SphereBlasphemy LawAnti-Pornography Law • Criminal Code • Indonesia prohibits blasphemy by its Criminal Code. The Code’s Article 156(a) targets those who deliberately, in public, express feelings of hostility, hatred, or contempt against religions with the purpose of preventing others from adhering to any religion, and targets those who disgrace a religion. The penalty for violating Article 156(a) is a maximum of five years imprisonment.

3. Law No. 1/PNPS/1965: Basis for Defamation of Religion • Prohibits interpretations or activities that deviate from main teachings of religions adhered to in Indonesia

4. Creating Little Mecca? • Commodified Religion • Ritual Economy (Fisher) • Halalization • Arabization • Conflicting spiritualities • Intensified forms of piety

5. Islamization: Shared Authorities • Indonesia: 1998 • Majles Ulama Indonesia (MUI) • Nahdlatul Ulama • Muhammadiyah • Preachers, missionaries • Education • Shari’ah courts • Fragmentation of authority • Battle imagined, Arab, and real cultures • All Roads lead to Mecca • State driven (Malaysia) vs. civic Islamization

6. Islamizing the State: Training Specialists Malaysian National Fatwa Council Majles Ulama Indonesia (MUI) IAIN & UIN: contesting debates

7. Purification of Islam, Negotiating Local Cultures • Right foot - left foot • Right food: Halal • Clothing • Arabic greetings • Readings • Popular press

8. Purifying Islam: Role of the State • Malaysia: Balance present & spiritual life. • Wealth & Reason • Ban Mystics, visits to graves, all non rational activities • Build strong economy • Islamic knowledge • Indonesia: develop Islamic education • Find balance between traditional & puritanical

9. Mantra: Shari'ah • God’s law • Perfect & Universal • Unchangeable • Justice: replaces 1st and 2nd generations of human rights • Takes care of individuals, society, economic & political system, criminal & civil law • Applicable in all times and all places, regardless of local cultures or needs

10. Shari’ah • Mohammad Hashim Kamali, Shari’ah Law: • Based on Qur’an (350 legal verses out of 6200) • Sunnah Prophet • Political role was a Medieval concept (Ibn Taymiyyah, d. 1328) revived by Islamist thinkers: Sayyid Qutb (d. 1966), Abu’l A’la Mawdudi (d. 1979), Muhammad al-Ghazali (d. 1992) & Yusuf al-Qaradawi.

11. Practice Shari’ah Islamic Revivalism: Malaysia 1970s Indonesia 1980s Post-1998 developments: experimenting how & where to apply Shari’ah laws.

12. Ideal vs. Reality • Morals • Ethics • Guarding communal boundaries • Place non-Muslims • Changing perspectives on Freedom of Religion (Malang Research, 2010)

13. Shari’ah in "Shari’ah" Ruled Countries • EGYPT • Divorce for non-Muslims ruling

14. Becoming Shari’ah-minded • Influences: • Thai Muslims, Cham Muslims Vietnam & Cambodia: Middle East, Malaysia, India • Indonesia, Malaysia: Middle East

15. Educational Critique: ShaykhHamdani

17. Halalization Critique

18. VISUAL PRESENCE OF SHARI’AH • SEGREGATION • ENFORCED RITUALS • Prayer • Fasting Ramadan • WOMEN’S BODIES • Clothing • Restrictions • Moral police • Polygamous marriages

20. Guarding the Heart

21. Women • VOICES OF AUTHORITY (MUSDA MULIA) • DRAFT MARRIAGE LAW • PART OF PURIFYING ISLAM • PART OF RETURNING TO TRADITION (SUFI CIRCLES) • ANTI POLYGAMY • ANTI-PORNOGRAPHY LAW

22. Spotting the Heretics • Ahmadiyah • NU • Darul-Arqam (1971, banned in 1994), Malaysia

23. Political vs. Cultural • September 2005, an East Java court sentenced each of six drug and cancer treatment counselors at an East Java treatment center to five years in prison and an additional three years in prison for violating key precepts of Islam by using paranormal healing methods. A local MUI edict characterized the center's methods as heretical.

24. Contested Pieties • Mystics & Sufis from Sumatra & Java entering Malaysia • Sufis at large in Malaysia

25. Adapted Pieties • Salafy Sufis: Arifin Illam (b. 1969) • Zikir berjama’ah (collective) • Zikir taubat (repentive) • Antidote against soulless scripturalism, secularization, materialism • Middle class Malaysia: sholat tahajjud, sholat tasbih

26. HabibMunzirAlmusawa (1973) • Trained in Yemen • Preacher • Sufi message but no practice • Be a Sufi in the world • Love of God • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U_lp07Vd6HU preaching in Malaysia

27. ArifinIlham & HabibMunzirAlmusawah

28. Accidental Sinner • The 'Accidental' Porn FanArmando Siahaan | April 10, 2011 • PKS lawmaker Arifinto tells a press conference on Friday that he was unaware a link he received in an e-mail led to pornography. The PKS lawmaker was photographed allegedly watching pornography on his tablet computer during a plenary session in the House of Representatives.

29. Consequences • 2009: appeal, 2010 rejected. • Cases: • Praying in Arabic & Javanese • 6 May 2010, Bakri Abdullah, one year in jail for claim to be a prophet and to have visited heaven in 1975 and 1997. • 2 June 2009, Lia Eden, inventing a religion, Salamullah, two years and six months in prison.

30. Contextualized Purists

31. Negotiating Culture

36. Law No. 1/PNPS/1965: Basis for Defamation of Religion • Prohibits interpretations or activities that deviate from main teachings of religions adhered to in Indonesia

37. Replacing Shari'ah: Criminalizing the Personal SphereBlasphemy LawAnti-Pornography Law • Criminal Code • Indonesia prohibits blasphemy by its Criminal Code. The Code’s Article 156(a) targets those who deliberately, in public, express feelings of hostility, hatred, or contempt against religions with the purpose of preventing others from adhering to any religion, and targets those who disgrace a religion. The penalty for violating Article 156(a) is a maximum of five years imprisonment.