Is there a theory-practice gap Some thoughts from organizational studies

1. Is there a theory-practice gap? Some thoughts from organizational studies Karen Golden-Biddle, School of Business Carole A. Estabrooks, Faculty of Nursing Kathy GermAnn, School of Business University of Alberta

2. In considering this question� We had ongoing conversations over time about What is �organization� and why does it matter? Must knowledge go from theory TO practice? What constitutes �knowledge� and �evidence�? What is the theory-practice gap? How did the gap get construed as a problem that needs fixing? We explored different ideas from our respective disciplines of nursing and business We explored different ideas from our respective disciplines of nursing and business And began over time to see how we could create new ideas in our interdisciplinary work togetherWe explored different ideas from our respective disciplines of nursing and business And began over time to see how we could create new ideas in our interdisciplinary work together

3. So we built on these conversations To not only answer but reframe the question we had originally posed � So, today we want to share a journey into the theory-practice gap that emerged from our interdisciplinary conversations Seeing the theory-practice gap as ...

4.  The theory-practice gap as

5. Prevailing view two communities metaphor (Caplan, 1979; Dunn, 1980) The gap exists because we are dealing with two communities with very different cultures Need to bridge the gap

7. Recommended bridging solutions Train researchers to communicate research more effectively; understand the practitioner world practitioners to support the use of research; learn how to critically use research Provide incentives for researchers and practitioners to collaborate on research

8. Recommended bridging solutions Develop �best practices� of knowledge transfer that can be generally applied Integrate intermediaries to assist and facilitate the communities� understandings of each other

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10. Emergent view Because research is used by people in organizations, the gap exists because the organization gets in the way The two communities are OK; it is the organization that is the problem Need to figure out and change the organization

15. In organizational studies, two relevant streams of work: Resource Based View of the Firm (RBV) Institutional Theory (IT)

16. RBV: Knowledge transfer in organizations is difficult and/or costly High transfer cost of knowledge (Von Hippel 1994) Recipient�s (unit or individual) lack of absorptive capacity and willingness and ability of organizational units (Szulanski 1996; 2000) Organization�s potential and realized absorptive capacity (Zahra and George 2002) Solutions: Divert resources to developing learning capacities of organizational units. Need to develop absorptive capacity

17. IT: Poor knowledge transfer results from a decoupling of the rhetoric and practice of evidence-based decision making (EBDM) in organizations Difficult to align daily practices with general and abstract institutional rules (Meyer & Rowan, 1977) Institutional rules can conflict with each other (Meyer & Rowan, 1977) Solutions - Difficult because any solution results in organization�s loss of legitimacy Difficult to align daily practices with general and abstract institutional rules (Meyer & Rowan, 1977) EBDM is a strong societal norm that organizations adopt ceremonially: organizations espouse EBP to be viewed as �legitimate� Institutional rules can conflict with each other (Meyer & Rowan, 1977) EBDM conflicts with other operating requirements such as efficiency Difficult to align daily practices with general and abstract institutional rules (Meyer & Rowan, 1977) EBDM is a strong societal norm that organizations adopt ceremonially: organizations espouse EBP to be viewed as �legitimate� Institutional rules can conflict with each other (Meyer & Rowan, 1977) EBDM conflicts with other operating requirements such as efficiency

18. What if we see the �gap� itself as a sense-making device, a cultural category Then we begin to see how we treat the gap as negative � as something to solve and resolve And we can alternatively see �.

19. The theory-practice gap as An opening or pass that connects researchers, practitioners and the organizations in which they work

20. Novel vantage point The gap is connective and is an essential part of producing and using knowledge Need to get close up so we can see and begin to explore�.

21. Not only what divides us, but also what connects us And how these connections are sustained Not only what is not working, but also what is working And how this is supported Not only where research is neglected, but also where research is being used with great enthusiasm And how this energizes more of the same

22. Not only people participating in separate communities, but also people sharing communities of practice that facilitate producing and using research Not only organizational deficiencies, but also organizational strengths that facilitate producing and using research

23. Not only researchers as knowledge producers and practitioners as knowledge users But also researchers as knowledge users as they develop knowledge, and practitioners as knowledge producers as they seek to manage, organize and deliver the best care (Estabrooks, Rutakumwa, et al., 2003; Golden-Biddle, Locke & Reay, 2003; Knorr-Cetina, 1999)

25. So, we now would re-title our presentation: Reframing the theory-practice gap: Some insights emerging in interdisciplinary conversation