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THE BIG GROUP: the alveolates and stramenophiles

Explore the captivating world of alveolates and stramenophiles, including dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, ciliates, oomycotes, diatoms, chrysophytes, and phaeophyta. Discover their unique characteristics, ecological importance, and highlighted species such as Pfiesteria piscicida and Plasmodium. Learn about the Endosymbiotic Theory proposed by Lynn Margulis in 1967.

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THE BIG GROUP: the alveolates and stramenophiles

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  1. THE BIG GROUP: the alveolates and stramenophiles • Dinoflagellates • Apicomplexans • Ciliates • Oomycotes • Diatoms • Chrysophytes • Phaeophyta

  2. Dinoflagellates • Two flagella- one transverse and one longitudinal • Important to aquatic food chains. • Responsible for “red tides.” • Some are bioluminescent. • Cellulose “plates” cover

  3. Highlighted SpeciesDinoflagellate Pfiesteria piscicida • Causes “harmful algal blooms” in certain conditions. • Produces a toxin but no pigment. • Results in fish kills. May cause human illness.

  4. Apicomplexans • Parasitic alveolate. Alveoli- membrane bound sacs. • Flagellated gametes • Mictrotubule extends from the cell and pierces the host cell.

  5. Highlighted Species-Apicomplexans Plasmodium • Causes malaria (“bad air) • Infects Anopheles mosquitoes which then bite humans and transmit the motile life stage to the human body.

  6. Ciliates • All have cilia, which move the cell and assist in moving food toward the cell • Cilia beat in a synchronized pattern • Contractile vacuoles that expel water from the body • Has two nuclei Didinium injesting a Paramecium

  7. Highlighted Species-Ciliates Paramecium

  8. Oomycotes • Similar to fungi (oomycotes= egg fungi) • They have diploid nuclei instead of haploid (as fungi have) • Decomposers • Many are parasitic and prey upon crops

  9. Highlighted Species-Oomycotes Phytophthora infestans • Caused the Irish potato famine in the mid 1800. • Water mold with name meaning “plant destroyer” • Millions of people died as crops failed several years in a row

  10. Chrysophytes • Group containing diatoms, yellow and golden algae and coccolithophores • Mostly photosynthetic • Coccolithophores- form calcium carbonate plates under their plasma membranes. Created White Cliffs of Dover. Can cause algal blooms which can kill fish. • Diatoms- Silica shell shaped like a pillbox. Very important primary producers that release about as much free oxygen as plants do on land.

  11. Phaeophyta (Brown Algae) • Olive green and brown seaweeds • Sargassum- a seaweed growing in the Sargasso sea

  12. Endosymbiotic Theory • Proposed by Lynn Margulis in 1967. • Explains similarities between prokaryotes and organelles. • Chloroplasts (and mitochondria) are the result of endocytosis of photosynthetic bacteria by an anaerobic bacteria.

  13. Endosymbiotic Theory

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