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Do Now: Create a T chart showing the pros and cons of industrialization. Objectives: Examine the changes in America at the turn of the century. Westward Development Industrialization Urbanization. A NEW AMERICA. Westward Expansion. Industrialization/Mechanization . Urbanization .
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Do Now: Create a T chart showing the pros and cons of industrialization. Objectives: Examine the changes in America at the turn of the century
Westward DevelopmentIndustrializationUrbanization A NEW AMERICA
Railroads • At the center of economic growth and change in America • During the late 1800s, the amount of RR track, freight, and passengers more than doubled. • Single largest employer • Led to the rise of the steel industry • 732000 tons in 1978 to 10188000 by 1900
Benefits of the RR • Employment • Sharp increase in GDP • Time Zones • The US Attorney General: Need Not Change • Easier to travel • Cheaper and Faster Shipping • Helped increase factory production (raw materials) • Mail Order Catalogs • Eventually helped labor rights movement
Shortcomings of the RR • Corruption • Industry leaders found ways to take advantage of the farmers • Shipping Prices and Control of Grain Elevators • Treatment of workers was awful • 1/400 died • 1/26 major injury • ¼ of all US Steel (Pittsburgh) died • Growing Socioeconomic Gap in US
Carnegie, Vanderbilt, Rockefeller, Gould, Fisk, Frick Duke and Morgan Robber Barons +-+-+-+-+-+-
Filthy Rich and Livin’ it Up • Railroads—Vanderbilt • Steel—Carnegie • Rockefeller—Oil • Duke—Tobacco • Morgan—Banking
Public Perception– Outrage • Corruption included • Bribing congressmen • Often had more political power than congressmen • Manipulating Stock Prices • Bought and sold stocks to drive prices up and down hurting their investors as well as those of other companies • Exploiting Workers • Horrid working conditions with low pay • Ruining Competition • Building enormous trusts that squashed the competition
Consequences- Good and Bad Sherman Antitrust Act- Senator Sherman • Attempt at regulating Trusts--Ineffective “Every contract, combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce among the several states is hereby declared to be illegal” Failed to address the issue • Out of 8 cases brought before the court regarding this act, 7 were won by the corporations. • One case stated that manufacturing was not considered trade or commerce therefore did not apply
Factories and Factory Mechanization • Positives • Electricity • From Nil to 1/3 of all Factories in the late 1900s began using electric power (steam prior) • Machines took skilled labor’s place • What implications might this have • GDP Increased • Negatives • Safety • Pollution
What are some of advantages and disadvantages of technological revolutions Think About
Do Now: Who, what, where, when, why • It has been well said that the modern city is a stronghold of industrialism quite as the feudal city was a stronghold of militarism, but the modern cities fear no enemies and rivals from without and their problems of government are solely internal. Affairs for the most part are going badly in these great new centres, in which the quickly-congregated population has not yet learned to arrange its affairs satisfactorily. Unsanitary housing, poisonous sewage, contaminated water, infant mortality, the spread of contagion, adulterated food, impure milk, smoke-laden air, ill-ventilated factories, dangerous occupations, juvenile crime, unwholesome crowding, prostitution and drunkenness are the enemies which the modern cities must face and overcome, would they survive. Logically their electorate should be made up of those who can bear a valiant part in this arduous contest, those who in the past have at least attempted to care for children, to clean houses, to prepare foods, to isolate the family from moral dangers; those who have traditionally taken care of that side of life which inevitably becomes the subject of municipal consideration and control as soon as the population is congested…
Herbert Croly's The Promise of American Life • New Philosophy about government’s responsibility to address the new issues • Is the government responsible for solving economic, political and social issues? • Progressivism in GovernmentThe challenge confronting early twentieth-century America, according to Croly, was to respond to the problems that had accompanied the transformation of America from a rural, agricultural society into an urban industrial one. • Filled with faith in the power of government, Progressives launched reform in the areas public health, housing, urban planning and design, parks and recreation, workplace safety, workers' compensation, pensions, insurance, poverty relief, and health care. The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History
Who were the Progressives? • Many middle class protestants • Women such as Jane Addams and Florence Kelley • Fundamentalists such as Walter Rauschenbusch and William Jennings Bryan • Writers (Muckrakers) for the new and popular magazines such as McClure's, Everybody's, Pearson's, Cosmopolitan, and Collier's • Lincoln Steffens, Upton Sinclair and Ida Tarbel • Authored articles exposing the evils of American society—political corruption, stock market manipulation, fake advertising, vice, impure food and drugs, racial discrimination, and lynching • Socialists led by Eugene Debs • Politicians such as Roosevelt, La Follette, Wilson • African Americans such as Wells, Dubois, Washington
Issues Addressed by Progressives • Social • Moral • Economic • Political Examples • Child Labor • City issues • Labor issues • Immigrant Culture • Corruption in Government • Drinking • African American Lynching and Racism • Industry Monopolization / Trusts • Note: Some of these issues overlap of course
The Underlying Philosophies • The Federal Government should play a key role in solving problems • The nations new industrial/urban character requires regulation • The church should play a role in reestablish morals in American society– Social Gospel • Believe most problems stem from the loss of Christianity
MuckrakersExposing these Issues • Popular magazines became a new trend. • Journalists began using these as a vehicle to expose corruption • Results were powerful • Term coined by T.R.
Muckrakers • Upton Sinclair– Novel– The Jungle • Lincoln Steffens– The Shame of the Cities • Ida Tarbell– The History of the Standard Oil Company– 19 part expose in McClure's • Jacob Riis– How the Other Half Lives
Jane Addams • Daughter of rich banker / politician • Visits Toynbee Hall, A settlement house in London • Moves into Hull House in Chicago with Ellen Starr • Together they Fought for • Child labor restrictions, sanitization of city, 8-hour work day, women’s suffrage, protection for immigrants and better working conditions • Author and Nobel Peace Prize Winner
Hull House + ~400 Other Settlement Houses… • Worked to assist urban poor, especially immigrants, children and women by: • Providing services such as education and domestic training • Child care • Entertainment • Social clubs, playgrounds, reading groups, orchestra, etc. • Health Care • Worked to solve bigger problems such as: • Child Labor • Prostitution • City corruption • City renewal • Educational practices • Women’s Suffrage
The New Immigrant Problem Solution • “The Blight of the City” • 1900-1910 8.2 million immigrants • Seen as uneducated, dirty and uncivilized • Most were Catholics, peasants • Most had darker skin then earlier immigrants • Lived in squalid conditions • Drinkers • Sometimes anarchists • Seen as morally deficient • Took jobs • Restrict immigration • 1921 and 1924 immigration quotas (National Origins Act) • 1921—2% based on 1910 • 1924—2%based on 1890 • Assimilate the immigrants • Some believed this impossible • Jane Addams believed immigrants could share their culture but needed refinement
The New Colossus • Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame, • With conquering limbs astride from land to land; • Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall stand • A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame • Is the imprisoned lightning, and her name • Mother of Exiles. From her beacon-hand • Glows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes command • The air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame. • "Keep ancient lands, your storied pomp!" cries she • With silent lips. "Give me your tired, your poor, • Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, • The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. • Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me, • I lift my lamp beside the golden door!"
Women’s Views • Progressive women did not like that many immigrant women turned to prostitution • Mann Act 1910– Cannot transport women over state lines for “immoral purposes” • Allowed government to interfere with private life • Jack Johnson arrested for transporting his secretary across state lines even though it was consensual. • Immigrant men spend free time in saloons tainting their moral fibers and spending the little money they made. • Immigrants are the fuel for the Machine Bosses
Views of the Newcomers • What class of our citizens most strenuously resist the moral restrains of the community.... who among our population give unrestricted and unregulated license to the ten thousand drinking places in the city, which are the chief receptacles of drunkenness, debauchery, villainy, and disease? It is the residuum or dregs of four millions of European immigrants, including paupers, felons, and convicts that have landed at this port within the last twenty years.
Why So Many? • Escape from poverty in their home country • “The streets of America are paved with gold.” • Italians faced poverty and hardship • Jews escaping persecution in Russia • Pogroms- massacres of Jews • Response by Czar- push Jewish into designated neighborhoods.
