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Not its own industrial sector Enabling Convergent Disruptive

Energy. Biotechnology. Aerospace/defense. Health care/pharmaceuticals. Recreation/sports. Agriculture. Chemical. Construction. Telecom. Computers/data storage. Transportation. Vertical industrial sectors. Not its own industrial sector Enabling Convergent Disruptive.

wynne-stanton
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Not its own industrial sector Enabling Convergent Disruptive

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  1. Energy Biotechnology Aerospace/defense Health care/pharmaceuticals Recreation/sports Agriculture Chemical Construction Telecom Computers/data storage Transportation Vertical industrial sectors • Not its own industrial sector • Enabling • Convergent • Disruptive Industrial sectors depend on materials and devices made of atoms and molecules, so all can be improved by NS and NT Nanotechnology Societal implications

  2. Smaller size faster response Time scales • Protein unfolding: • CPU clock speed: • Surfactant dynamics: • Molecular collisions: • Atomic vibrations: 50-100s 10-9 s 10-10 s 10-12 s 10-14 s

  3. Historical Perspectives of the Atom • Concept of atom 2600 years old. Hindu philosopher: atoms are infinitesimal, indivisible parts of matter • Estimation of atom size 2200 years ago: 10-10 (0.1 nm) • Leucippus and Democritus (4th and 5th century): concept of atomism: matter is comprised of “imperceptible, individual particles that differ only in shape and position” • Modern concept of atom (1660’s): Boyle’s study of gases – matter is “composed of discrete particles, separated by a void” • Dalton (1805): elements are made of atoms, which can not be divided into smaller particles or destroyed in chemical reactions • 1 Da: one atomic mass unit Democritus

  4. Pre-18th Century – Colored Glass • Roman period (30 BC - 640 AD) • Lycurgus Cup (4th century AD) – gold and silver nanoparticles responsible for change in color • Medieval period (500 – 1450 AD) • Stained glass – gold and silver nanoparticles trapped in glass matrix • Renaissance Period (1450 – 1600 AD) • Deruta Deramicists – Au, Ag, Cu nanoparticles to produced colored metallic glazes on pottery

  5. 19th Century - Photography • Humphry Davy (ca. 1800): used light sensitive compound AgCl for stenciling letters – AgCl decomposed into Ag NPs when exposed to light • Joseph Niepce (1827): first successful photograph • Loius Daguerre (1839): first commercially viable print, daguerreotype • Tabot (1840): Developed method for coating paper with AgCl to create first negative photographic image • Michael Faraday (1857): First preparation of gold colloids. He determined that colorful appearance of colloidal solution due to “gold reduced to exceedingly fine particles…” An early Daguerreotype print http://www.forensicgenealogy.info/History_of_Photography.html

  6. Catalysis • Early catalysis (ca. 3000 B.C.): Soap as the product of a catalytic process • Kirschof (late 17th century): first demonstration of controlled catalytic process –acid hydrolysis of starch to produce glucose • Davy (ca. 1800 ): first demonstration of heterogeneous catalytic reaction – heating of Pt wire in air to produce water • Sabatier (ca. 1900): discovered process of catalytic hydrogenation – catalysts are composed of “finely divided particles” Zeolite catalysts (1960): Plank and Rosinski use zeolite to convert petroleum to gasoline more efficiently http://www.physorg.com SEM image of molybdenum disulfide produced by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis

  7. 20th Century – pre-1950 • Mie Theory (1908): Theory of light scattering that related optical properties of particles to their size. • Electron microscope (1931): Knott and Ruska - enabled visual observation of objects smaller than wavelength of visible light • Transistor (1947): Bardeen, Shockley and Brattain – beginning of microelectronics www.porticus.org The transistor developed at Bell Labs in 1947

  8. 20th Century – 1950’s • Erwin Mueller (1951) improves electron microscope and becomes the first man to “see” an atom. • Discovery of DNA (1953): Watson, Crick, Wilkins, and Franklin • Tunneling Phenomena (1958): Leo Esaki discovered that electrons could “tunnel” through a potential barrier • “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom” (1959): Feynman lecture that posed the problem of manipulating and controlling things on a small scale http://abyss.uoregon.edu

  9. 20th Century – 1960’s • Ferrofluids (1960): NASA researchers discover nanosized magnetic iron particles in solution could be controlled with magnet • Hard drives • Sensors • Drug delivery • Hazardous waste clean up • Moore’s Law (1965): Gordon Moore noted that number of transistors per IC had doubled every two years http://www.slipperybrick.com www.cmg.org Nanoscale ferromagnetic particles in synthetic oil controlled by magnetic field Illustration of Moore’s Law

  10. 20th Century – 1970’s • John People’s Gaussian software (1970): Pioneered the use of computers to predict behavior of atoms and molecules • First use of term “Nanotechnology” (1974): Norio Taniguchi in reference to “production of technology to get extra high accuracy and ultra fine dimensions . . . on the order of 1 nanometer.” • Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (1977):Light scattering technique used for nanoscale study of chemical reactions of molecules in electrochemistry, catalysis, materials synthesis, and biochemistry http://www.eiclabs.com SERS: To enhance emitted light from a molecule it can be attached to a metallic surface.

  11. 20th Century – 1980’s • Self-assembled monolayers (SAMS) • Jacob Sagiv (1980) – octadecyltrichlorosilane assembly on glass • David Allara (1983) – monolayer assembly of thiol groups on gold • Scanning tunneling microscope (1981): Binning and Rohrer – allowed observation and control of nanoscale particles, atoms, and molecules http://www.ifm.liu.se/ Monolayer assembly on gold surface in thiol solution http://www.omicron.de STM image of Si(111) surface

  12. 20th Century – 1980’s • The “Buckyball” (1985): Smalley, Curl, and Heath – Discovered C60 nanoparticle • Atomic Force Microscope (1986): Binning and Gerber – 3-D images of surface topography at high magnification http://www.udel.edu C-60 molecule AFM image of biopolymer surface

  13. 20th Century – 1980’s • Single-electron tunneling transistor (1987): Fulton and Dolan build first nanodevice to demonstrate controlled movement of individual electrons • Quantum Dots (1988): Brus et. al., nano-sized crystal semiconductor materials that demonstrate quantum confinement effect http://www.ptb.de A SET by PTB group in Germany CdSe nanocrystals by Rosenthal group

  14. 20th Century – 1990’s • Manipulation of atoms (1990): Eigler and Schweizer used STM to arrange individual Xe atoms on surface • Discovery of carbon nanotubes (1991): Sumio Iilima at NEC discovered multiwalled CNTs. Two years later signle-wall CNTs were fabricated at IBM http://www.almaden.ibm.com/vis/stm/stm.html Standing-wave patterns in the local density of states of Fe adatoms on Cu(111) surface. http://www.almaden.ibm.com/st/past_projects/nanotubes/ SWCNT

  15. 20th Century – 1990’s • Inorganic materials assembled from DNA and gold colloids (1996): Mirkin and Letsinger - Bio-inorganic architecture at the nanoscale • Development of Dip-Pen Nanolithography (1999): Mirkin uses AFM tip to write with chemicals at the nanoscale www.llnl.gov Dip-Pen Lithography patterns

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