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Clinical Anatomy and Physiology for Veterinary Technicians

Clinical Anatomy and Physiology for Veterinary Technicians. Chapter 1 Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology. Anatomy. The study of the structure of the body. Subdivisions of Anatomy. Microscopic Anatomy Gross Anatomy Regional Anatomy Systemic Anatomy Surface Anatomy

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Clinical Anatomy and Physiology for Veterinary Technicians

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  1. Clinical Anatomy and Physiology for Veterinary Technicians • Chapter 1 • Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

  2. Anatomy • The study of the structure of the body.

  3. Subdivisions of Anatomy • Microscopic Anatomy • Gross Anatomy • Regional Anatomy • Systemic Anatomy • Surface Anatomy • Developmental Anatomy

  4. Microscopic Anatomy • Study of the structures of the body that can not be seen with the naked eye

  5. Gross Anatomy • Study of the structures of the body that can be seen with the naked eye.

  6. Regional Anatomy • Study of the structures of a region of the body and all of the elements in that region from microscopic to gross levels of organization. Cells, tissues, bones, nerves, and all other tissues in the region are studied.

  7. Systemic Anatomy • Study of the structures of the eleven systems of the body.

  8. Surface Anatomy • Study of the internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface.

  9. AnatomicalPosition Dorsal View

  10. Anatomical Position Ventral View

  11. Anatomical Planes of Reference • Sagittal Plane: A plane of reference that runs the length of the body and divides it into right and left parts. • Median Plane: A plane of reference that runs the length of the body and divides it into equal right and left parts. The median plane is the middle sagittal plane. • Transverse Plane: A plane across the body that divides it into cranial and caudal parts. • Dorsal Plane: At right angles to the sagittal plane and divides the body into dorsal and ventral parts.

  12. Bilateral Symmetry • Bilateral Symmetry: Either side of the median plane essentially mirror images of each other.

  13. Dorsal Body Cavity • Cranial Cavity: The skull bones make up this cavity and it contains and protects the brain. • Spinal Cavity: Formed by the vertebral foramen of the spinal bones and contains and protects the spinal cord.

  14. Ventral Body Cavity • Cranial Thoracic Cavity: Formed by the ribs, separated from the abdominal cavity by the diaphragm and contains the lungs, heart and thymus.

  15. Abdominal Cavity: Part of the Ventral Body Cavity that’s borders include the diaphragm, lumbar vertebrae, back muscles, stomach muscles and hip bone. Contains the abdominal viscera. Sometimes called the abdominopelvic cavity.

  16. Pelvic Cavity: Part of the Ventral Body Cavity which contains the bladder, rectum and reproductive organs.

  17. Viscera: The internal organs of the body. Lungs, heart, small intestine, spleen, liver, gall bladder, urinary bladder, kidneys, pancreas, large intestine, thymus, uterus, prostate gland.

  18. Levels of Organization • Cells • Tissues • Organs • Systems

  19. Cells • The basic structural and functional unit of living organisms.

  20. Tissues • Groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function

  21. Organs • Groups of tissues that work together for a common purpose.

  22. Systems • Groups of organs that are involved in a common set of activities.

  23. Four Tissue Types • Epithelial • Connective • Nervous • Muscle

  24. Homeostasis • Maintenance of dynamic equilibrium in the body.

  25. Negative Feedback Mechanisms • Most homeostatic mechanisms are negative feedback mechanisms. • In these systems, the output shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity. • These mechanisms cause the variable to change in a direction opposite to that of the original change, returning it to its ideal value, thus the name “negative” feedback mechanisms.

  26. Positive Feedback Mechanisms • In positive feedback mechanisms the original stimulus is enhanced so that the activity is accelerated.

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